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224

LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR

standard-bearer
SIGNIFER

Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs atque omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs, Caesar imperātor Rōmam rediit et 1extrā moenia urbis in campō Mārtiō castra posuit. Tum vērō amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est. Dictātor creātus est, et eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus. 2Quō diē de Gallīs triumphum ēgit, tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit 3ut omnia loca essent cōnferta. Templa patēbant, ārae fūmābant, columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant. 4Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Prīmum per portam ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs. Secūtī sunt tībīcinēs, signiferī, peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs: “Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, quī subēgit Galliam,” et “Mīlle, mīlle, mīlle, mīlle Gallōs trucīdāvimus.” Multī praedam captārum urbium portābant, arma, omnia bellī īnstrūmenta. Secūtī sunt equitēs, animōsīs atque splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī, inter quōs Pūblius adulēscēns fortissimus habēbātur. Addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, 5quī dīs immortālibus immolārentur. Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus 6sacrā viā per forum in Capitōlium perrēxit.

lictors with fasces
LICTORES CUM FASCIBUS

Imperātor ipse cum urbem intrāret, undique laetō clāmōre multitūdinis salūtātus est. Stābat in currū aureō quem quattuor albī equī vehēbant. Indūtus 7togā pictā, alterā manū habēnās et lauream 225 tenēbat, alterā eburneum scēptrum. Post eum servus in currū stāns auream corōnam super caput eius tenēbat. Ante currum miserrimī captīvī, rēgēs prīncipēsque superātārum gentium, catēnīs vīnctī, prōgrediēbantur; et vīgintī quattuor līctōrēs8 laureatās fascīs ferentēs et signiferī currum Caesaris comitābantur. Conclūdit agmen multitūdō captīvōrum, quī, in servitūtem redāctī,9 dēmissō vultū, vīnctīs10 bracchiīs, sequuntur; quibuscum veniunt longissimō ōrdine mīlitēs, etiam hī praedam vel insignia mīlitāria ferentēs.

Caesar cum Capitōlium ascendisset, in templō Iovī Capitōlīnō sacra fēcit. Simul11 captivōrum quī nōbilissimī erant, abductī in carcerem,12 interfectī sunt. Sacrīs factīs Caesar dē Capitōliō dēscendit et in forō mīitibus suīs honōrēs mīlitārīs dedit eīsque pecūniam ex bellī praedā distribuit.

Hīs omnibus rēbus cōnfectīs, Pūblius Caesarem valēre13 iussit et quam celerrimē ad vīllam contendit ut patrem mātremque salūtāret.

15Dē rēbus gestīs P. Cornēlī Lentulī hāctenus.

1. A victorious general with his army was not allowed to enter the city until the day of his triumph. A triumph was the greatest of all military honors.

2. Quō diē, on the day that, abl. of time.

3. ut ... essent, § 501. 43.

4. Cum ... intrāret, § 501. 46.

5. quī ... immolārentur, § 501. 40.

6. The Sacred Way was a noted street running along one side of the Forum to the base of the Capitoline Hill, on whose summit stood the magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This route was always followed by triumphal processions.

7. The toga picta worn by a general in his triumph was a splendid robe of Tyrian purple covered with golden stars. See Plate IV, p. 213.

8. The lictors were a guard of honor that attended the higher magistrates and made a way for them through the streets. On their shoulders they carried the fasces, a bundle of rods with an ax in the middle, symbolizing the power of the law.

9. dēmissō vultū, with downcast countenance.

10. vīnctīs, from vinciō.

12. Simul, etc., At the same time those of the captives who were the noblest.

12. The prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of the Capitoline Hill.

13. valēre iussit, bade farewell to.

14. This sentence marks the end of the story.

226

APPENDIX I

DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.

NOUNS

460. Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the final letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive singular.

First Declension—Ā-stems, Gen. Sing. -ae

Second Declension—O-stems, Gen. Sing. -ī

Third Declension—Consonant stems and I-stems, Gen. Sing. -is

Fourth Declension—U-stems, Gen. Sing. -ūs

Fifth Declension—Ē-stems, Gen. Sing. -ē̆ī

461. FIRST DECLENSION. Ā-STEMS

	domina, lady Stem dominā- Base domin-
	Singular		Plural
		TERMINATIONS		TERMINATIONS
Nom.	domina	-a	dominae	-ae
Gen.	dominae	-ae	dominārum	-ārum
Dat.	dominae	-ae	dominīs	-īs
Acc.	dominam	-am	dominās	-ās
Abl.	dominā	-ā	dominīs	-īs

a. Dea and fīlia have the termination -ābus in the dative and ablative plural.

227 462. SECOND DECLENSION. O-STEMS

a. Masculines in -us

	dominus, master Stem domino- Base domin-
	Singular		Plural
		TERMINATIONS		TERMINATIONS
Nom.	dominus	-us	dominī	-ī
Gen.	dominī	-ī	dominōrum	-ōrum
Dat.	dominō	-ō	dominīs	-īs
Acc.	dominum	-um	dominōs	-ōs
Abl.	dominō	-ō	dominīs	-īs

1. Nouns in -us of the second declension have the termination -e´ in the vocative singular, as domine.

2. Proper names in -ius, and filius, end in -ī in the vocative singular, and the accent rests on the penult, as Vergi´lī, fīlī.

b. Neuters in -um

	pīlum, spear Stem pīlo- Base pīl-
	Singular		Plural
		TERMINATIONS		TERMINATIONS
Nom.	pīlum	-um	pīla	-a
Gen.	pīlī	-ī	pīlōrum	-ōrum
Dat.	pīlō	-ō	pīlīs	-īs
Acc.	pīlum	-um	pīla	-a
Abl.	pīlō	-ō	pīlīs	-īs

1. Masculines in -ius and neuters in -ium end in -ī in the genitive singular, not in -iī, and the accent rests on the penult.

c. Masculines in -er AND -ir

	puer, boy	ager, field	vir, man
Stems	puero-	agro-	viro-
Bases	puer-	agr-	vir-
	Singular			TERMINATIONS
Nom.	puer	ager	vir	—
Gen.	puerī	agrī	virī	-ī
Dat.	puerō	agrō	virō	-ō
Acc.	puerum	agrum	virum	-um
Abl.	puerō	agrō	virō	-ō
228	Plural
Nom.	puerī	agrī	virī	-ī
Gen.	puerōrum	agrōrum	virōrum	-ōrum
Dat.	puerīs	agrīs	virīs	-īs
Acc.	puerōs	agrōs	virōs	-ōs
Abl.	puerīs	agrīs	virīs	-īs

463. THIRD DECLENSION.

CLASSIFICATION

I. Consonant Stems

1. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only.

2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular: a. masculines and feminines; b. neuters.

II. I-Stems.

Masculines, feminines, and neuters.

464. I. CONSONANT STEMS

1. Nouns that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only

	prīnceps, m., chief	mīles, m., soldier	lapis, m., stone
Bases or Stems	prīncip-	mīlit-	lapid-
	Singular			TERMINATIONS
Nom.	prīnceps	mīles	lapis	-s
Gen.	prīn´cipis	mīlitis	lapidis	-is
Dat.	prīn´cipī	mīlitī	lapidī	-ī
Acc.	prīn´cipem	mīlitem	lapidem	-em
Abl.	prīn´cipe	mīlite	lapide	-e
	Plural
Nom.	prīn´cipēs	mīlitēs	lapidēs	-ēs
Gen.	prīn´cipum	mīlitum	lapidum	-um
Dat.	prīnci´pibus	mīlitibus	lapidibus	-ibus
Acc.	prīn´cipēs	mīlitēs	lapidēs	-ēs
Abl.	prīnci´pibus	mīlitibus	lapidibus	-ibus

	rēx, m., king	iūdex, m., judge	virtūs, f., manliness
Bases or Stems	rēg-	iūdic-	virtūt-
Nom.	rēx	iūdex	virtūs	-s
Gen.	rēgis	iūdicis	virtū´tis	-is
Dat.	rēgī	iūdicī	virtū´tī	-ī
Acc.	rēgem	iūdicem	virtū´tem	-em
Abl.	rēge	iūdice	virtū´te	-e
	Plural
Nom.	rēgēs	iūdicēs	virtū´tēs	-ēs
Gen.	rēgum	iūdicum	virtū´tum	-um
Dat.	rēgibus	iūdicibus	virtū´tibus	-ibus
Acc.	rēgēs	iūdicēs	virtū´tēs	-ēs
Abl.	rēgibus	iūdicibus	virtū´tibus	-ibus

Note. For consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 233. 3.

2. Nouns that have no termination in the nominative singular

a. Masculines and Feminines

	cōnsul, m., consul	legiō, f., legion	ōrdō, m., row	pater, m., father
Bases or Stems	cōnsul-	legiōn-	ōrdin-	patr-
	Singular				TERMINATIONS
Nom.	cōnsul	legiō	ōrdō	pater	—
Gen.	cōnsulis	legiōnis	ōrdinis	patris	-is
Dat.	cōnsulī	legiōnī	ōrdinī	patrī	-ī
Acc.	cōnsulem	legiōnem	ōrdinem	patrem	-em
Abl.	cōnsule	legiōne	ōrdine	patre	-e
	Plural
Nom.	cōnsulēs	legiōnēs	ōrdinēs	patrēs	-ēs
Gen.	cōnsulum	legiōnum	ōrdinum	patrum	-um
Dat.	cōnsulibus	legiōnibus	ōrdinibus	patribus	-ibus
Acc.	cōnsulēs	legiōnēs	ōrdinēs	patrēs	-ēs
Abl.	cōnsulibus	legiōnibus	ōrdinibus	patribus	-ibus

Note. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 236. 1-3.

230 b. Neuters

	flūmen, n., river	tempus, n., time	opus, n., work	caput, n., head
Bases or Stems	flūmin-	tempor-	oper-	capit-
	Singular				TERMINATIONS
Nom.	flūmen	tempus	opus	caput	—
Gen.	flūminis	temporis	operis	capitis -is	-is
Dat.	flūminī	temperī	operī	capitī	-ī
Acc.	flūmen	tempus	opus	caput	—
Abl.	flūmine	tempore	opere	capite	-e
	Plural
Nom.	flūmina	tempora	opera	capita	-a
Gen.	flūminum	temporum	operum	capitum	-um
Dat.	flūminibus	temporibus	operibus	capitibus	-ibus
Acc.	flūmina	tempora	opera	capita	-a
Abl.	flūminibus	temporibus	operibus	capitibus	-ibus

Note. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 238. 2, 3.

465. II. I-STEMS

a. Masculines and Feminines

	caedēs, f., slaughter	hostis, m., enemy	urbs, f., city	cliēns, m., retainer
Stems	caedi-	hosti-	urbi-	clienti-
Bases	caed-	host-	urb-	client-
	Singular				TERMINATIONS
Nom.	caedēs	hostis	urbs	cliēns	-s, -is, or -ēs
Gen.	caedis	hostis	urbis	clientis	-is
Dat.	caedī	hostī	urbī	clientī	-ī
Acc.	caedem	hostem	urbem	clientem	-em (-im)
Abl.	caede	hoste	urbe	cliente	-e (-ī)
	Plural
Nom.	caedēs	hostēs	urbēs	clientēs	-ēs
Gen.	caedium	hostium	urbium	clientium	-ium
Dat.	caedibus	hostibus	urbibus	clientibus	-ibus
Acc.	caedīs, -ēs	hostīs, -ēs	urbīs, -ēs	clientīs, -ēs	-īs, -ēs
Abl.	caedibus	hostibus	urbibus	clientibus	-ibus

1. Avis, cīvis, fīnis, ignis, nāvis, have the abl. sing. in -ī or -e.

2. Turris has accusative turrim and ablative turrī or turre.

231 b. Neuters

	īnsigne, n., decoration	animal, n., animal	calcar, n., spur
Stems	īnsigni-	animāli-	calcāri-
Bases	īnsign-	animāl-	calcār-
	Singular			TERMINATIONS
Nom.	īnsigne	animal	calcar	-e or —
Gen.	īnsignis	animālis	calcāris	-is
Dat.	īnsignī	animālī	calcārī	-ī
Acc.	īnsigne	animal	calcar	-e or —
Abl.	īnsignī	animālī	calcārī	-ī
	Plural
Nom.	īnsignia	animālia	calcāria	-ia
Gen.	īnsignium	animālium	calcārium	-ium
Dat.	īnsignibus	animālibus	calcāribus	-ibus
Acc.	īnsignia	animālia	calcāria	-ia
Abl.	īnsignibus	animālibus	calcāribus	-ibus

466. THE FOURTH DECLENSION. U-STEMS

	adventus, m., arrival	cornū, n., horn
Stems	adventu-	cornu-
Bases	advent-	corn-
	Singular		TERMINATIONS
	Singular		MASC.	NEUT.
Nom.	adventus	cornū	-us	-ū
Gen.	adventūs	cornūs	-ūs	-ūs
Dat.	adventuī (ū)	cornū	-uī (ū)	-ū
Acc.	adventum	cornū	-um	-ū
Abl.	adventū	cornū	-ū	-ū
	Plural
Nom.	adventūs	cornua	-ūs	-ua
Gen.	adventuum	cornuum	-uum	-uum
Dat.	adventibus	cornibus	-ibus	-ibus
Acc.	adventūs	cornua	-ūs	-ua
Abl.	adventibus	cornibus	-ibus	-ibus

232 467. THE FIFTH DECLENSION. Ē-STEMS

	diēs, m., day	rēs, f. thing
Stems	diē-	rē-
Bases	di-	r-
	Singular		TERMINATIONS
Nom.	diēs	rēs	-ēs
Gen.	diēī	reī	-ē̆ī
Dat.	diēī	reī	-ē̆ī
Acc.	diem	rem	-em
Abl.	diē	rē	-ē
	Plural
Nom.	diēs	rēs	-ēs
Gen.	diērum	rērum	-ērum
Dat.	diēbus	rēbus	-ēbus
Acc.	diēs	rēs	-ēs
Abl.	diēbus	rēbus	-ēbus

468. SPECIAL PARADIGMS

Singular
	deus, m., god	domus, f., house	vīs, f., strength	iter, n., way
Stems	deo-	domu-	vī- and vīri-	iter- and itiner-
Bases	de-	dom-	v- and vīr-	iter- and itiner-
Nom.	deus	domus	vīs	iter
Gen.	deī	domūs	vīs (rare)	itineris
Dat.	deō	domuī, -ō	vī (rare)	itinerī
Acc.	deum	domum	vim	iter
Abl.	deō	domō, -ū	vī	itinere
Plural
Nom.	deī, dī	domūs	vīrēs	itinera
Gen.	deōrum, deum	domuum, -ōrum	vīrium	itinerum
Dat.	deīs, dīs	domibus	vīribus	itineribus
Acc.	deōs	domōs, -ūs	vīrīs, -ēs	itinera
Abl.	deīs, dīs	domibus	vīribus	itineribus

a. The vocative singular of deus is like the nominative.

b. The locative of domus is domī.

233

ADJECTIVES

469. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. O- AND Ā-STEMS

a. Adjectives in -us

Singular
bonus, good Stems bono- m. and n., bona- f. Base bon-
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	bonus	bona	bonum
Gen.	bonī	bonae	bonī
Dat.	bonō	bonae	bonō
Acc.	bonum	bonam	bonum
Abl.	bonō	bonā	bonō
Plural
Nom.	bonī	bonae	bona
Gen.	bonōrum	bonārum	bonōrum
Dat.	bonīs	bonīs	bonīs
Acc.	bonōs	bonās	bona
Abl.	bonīs	bonīs	bonīs

b. Adjectives in -er

Singular
līber, free Stems lībero- m. and n., līberā- f. Base līber-
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	līber	lībera	līberum
Gen.	līberī	līberae	līberī
Dat.	līberō	līberae	līberō
Acc.	līberum	līberam	līberum
Abl.	līberō	līberā	līberō
Plural
Nom.	līberī	līberae	lībera
Gen.	līberōrum	līberārum	līberōrum
Dat.	līberīs	līberīs	līberīs
Acc.	līberōs	līberās	lībera
Abl.	līberīs	līberīs	līberīs

234

Singular
pulcher, pretty Stems pulchro- m. and n., pulchrā- f. Base pulchr-
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	pulcher	pulchra	pulchrum
Gen.	pulchrī	pulchrae	pulchrī
Dat.	pulchrō	pulchrae	pulchrō
Acc.	pulchrum	pulchram	pulchrum
Abl.	pulchrō	pulchrā	pulchrō
Plural
Nom.	pulchrī	pulchrae	pulchra
Gen.	pulchrōrum	pulchrārum	pulchrōrum
Dat.	pulchrīs	pulchrīs	pulchrīs
Acc.	pulchrōs	pulchrās	pulchra
Abl.	pulchrīs	pulchrīs	pulchrīs

470. THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

alius, another Stems alio- m. and n., aliā- f. Base ali-
	Singular			Plural
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	alius	alia	aliud	aliī	aliae	alia
Gen.	alīus	alīus	alīus	aliōrum	aliārum	aliōrum
Dat.	aliī	aliī	aliī	aliīs	aliīs	aliīs
Acc.	alium	aliam	aliud	aliōs	aliās	alia
Abl.	aliō	aliā	aliō	aliīs	aliīs	aliīs

ūnus, one, only Stems ūno- m. and n., ūnā- f. Base ūn-
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	ūnus	ūna	ūnum	ūnī	ūnae	ūna
Gen.	ūnīus	ūnīus	ūnīus	ūnōrum	ūnārum	ūnōrum
Dat.	ūnī	ūnī	ūnī	ūnīs	ūnīs	ūnīs
Acc.	ūnum	ūnam	ūnum	ūnōs	ūnās	ūna
Abl.	ūnō	ūnā	ūnō	ūnīs	ūnīs	ūnīs

a. For the complete list see § 108.

235 471. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. I-STEMS

I. THREE ENDINGS

	ācer, ācris, ācre, keen, eager			Stem ācri- Base ācr-
	Singular			Plural
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	ācer	ācris	ācre	ācrēs	ācrēs	ācria
Gen.	ācris	ācris	ācris	ācrium	ācrium	ācrium
Dat.	ācrī	ācrī	ācrī	ācribus	ācribus	ācribus
Acc.	ācrem	ācrem	ācre	ācrīs, -ēs	ācrīs, -ēs	ācria
Abl.	ācrī	ācrī	ācrī	ācribus	ācribus	ācribus

II. TWO ENDINGS

	omnis, omne, every, all		Stem omni- Base omn-
	Singular		Plural
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	omnis	omne	omnēs	omnia
Gen.	omnis	omnis	omnium	omnium
Dat.	omnī	omnī	omnibus	omnibus
Acc.	omnem	omne	omnīs, -ēs	omnia
Abl.	omnī	omnī	omnibus	omnibus

III. ONE ENDING

	pār, equal Stem pari- Base par-
	Singular		Plural
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	pār	pār	parēs	paria
Gen.	paris	paris	parium	parium
Dat.	parī	parī	paribus	paribus
Acc.	parem	pār	parīs, -ēs	paria
Abl.	parī	parī	paribus	paribus

1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have -ī in the ablative singular.

This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag on the page.

236 472. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

	amāns, loving Stem amanti- Base amant-
	Singular		Plural
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	amāns	amāns	amantēs	amantia
Gen.	amantis	amantis	amantium	amantium
Dat.	amantī	amantī	amantibus	amantibus
Acc.	amantem	amāns	amantīs, -ēs	amantia
Abl.	amante, -ī	amante, -ī	amantibus	amantibus

	iēns, going Stem ienti-, eunti- Base ient-, eunt-
Nom.	iēns	iēns	euntēs	euntia
Gen.	euntis	euntis	euntium	euntium
Dat.	euntī	euntī	euntibus	euntibus
Acc.	euntem	iēns	euntīs, -ēs	euntia
Abl.	eunte, -ī	eunte, -ī	euntibus	euntibus

473. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Positive	Comparative		Superlative
MASC.	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
altus (alto-)	altior	altius	altissimus	-a	-um
līber (lībero-)	līberior	līberius	līberrimus	-a	-um
pulcher (pulchro-)	pulchrior	pulchrius	pulcherrimus	-a	-um
audāx (audāci-)	audācior	audācius	audācissimus	-a	-um
brevis (brevi-)	brevior	brevius	brevissimus	-a	-um
ācer (ācri-)	ācrior	ācrius	ācerrimus	-a	-um

474. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES

altior, higher
	Singular		Plural
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	altior	altius	altiōrēs	altiōra
Gen.	altiōris	altiōris	altiōrum	altiōrum
Dat.	altiōrī	altiōrī	altiōribus	altiōribus
Acc.	altiōrem	altius	altiōrēs	altiōra
Abl.	altiōre	altiōre	altiōribus	altiōribus
237
plūs, more
Nom.	——	plūs	plūrēs	plūra
Gen.	——	plūris	plūrium	plūrium
Dat.	——	——	plūribus	plūribus
Acc.	——	plūs	plūrīs (-ēs)	plūra
Abl.	——	plūre	plūribus	plūribus

475. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
bonus, -a, -um, good	melior, melius, better	optimus, -a, -um, best
malus, -a, -um, bad	peior, peius, worse	pessimus, -a, -um, worst
magnus, -a, -um, great	maior, maius, greater	maximus, -a, -um, greatest
multus, -a, -um, much	——, plūs, more	plūrimus, -a, -um, most
parvus, -a, -um, small	minor, minus, smaller	minimus, -a, -um, smallest
senex, senis, old	senior	maximus nātū
iuvenis, -e, young	iūnior	minimus nātū
vetus, veteris, old	vetustior, -ius	veterrimus, -a, -um
facilis, -e, easy	facilior, -ius	facillimus, -a, -um
difficilis, -e, difficult	difficilior, -ius	difficillimus, -a, -um
similis, -e, similar	similior, -ius	simillimus, -a, -um
dissimilis, -e, dissimilar	dissimilior, -ius	dissimillimus, -a, -um
humilis, -e, low	humilior, -ius	humillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e, slender	gracilior, -ius	gracillimus, -a, -um
exterus, outward	exterior, outer, exterior	extrēmus extimus	outermost, last
īnferus, below	īnferior, lower	īnfimus īmus	lowest
posterus, following	posterior, later	postrēmus postumus	last
superus, above	superior, higher	suprēmus summus	highest
[cis, citrā, on this side]	citerior, hither	citimus, hithermost
[in, intrā, in, within]	interior, inner	intimus, inmost
[prae, prō, before]	prior, former	prīmus, first
[prope, near]	propior, nearer	proximus, next
[ultrā, beyond]	ulterior, further	ultimus, furthest

238

476. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
cārē (cārus), dearly	cārius	cārissimē
miserē (miser), wretchedly	miserius	miserrimē
ācriter (ācer), sharply	ācrius	ācerrimē
facile (facilis), easily	facilius	facillimē

477. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
diū, long, a long time	diūtius	diūtissimē
bene (bonus), well	melius, better	optimē, best
male (malus), ill	peius, worse	pessimē, worst
magnopere, greatly	magis, more	maximē, most
multum (multus), much	plūs, more	plūrimum, most
parum, little	minus, less	minimē, least
saepe, often	saepīus	saepissimē

478. NUMERALS

The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting ūnus, duo, trēs, the hundreds above one hundred, and mīlle used as a noun. The ordinals are declined like bonus, -a, -um.

	Cardinals		Ordinals
	(How many)		(In what order)
1,	ūnus, -a, -um,	one	prīmus, -a, -um	first
2,	duo, duae, duo	two	secundus (or alter)	second
3,	trēs, tria	three,	tertius	third,
4,	quattuor	etc.	quārtus	etc.
5,	quīnque		quīntus
6,	sex		sextus
7,	septem		septimus
8,	octō		octāvus
9,	novem		nōnus
10,	decem		decimus
11,	ūndecim		ūndecimus
12,	duodecim		duodecimus
13,	tredecim (decem (et) trēs)		tertius decimus
14,	quattuordecim		quārtus decimus
15, 239	quīndecim		quīntus decimus
16,	sēdecim		sextus decimus
17,	septendecim		septimus decimus
18,	duodēvīgintī (octōdecim)		duodēvīcēnsimus
19,	ūndēvīgintī (novendecim)		ūndēvīcēnsimus
20,	vīgintī		vīcēnsimus
21,	vīgintī ūnus or ūnus et vīgintī, etc.		vīcēnsimus prīmus or ūnus et vīcēnsimus, etc.
30,	trīgintā		trīcēnsimus
40,	quadrāgintā		quadrāgēnsimus
50,	quīnquāgintā		quīnquāgēnsimus
60,	sexāgintā		sexāgēnsimus
70,	septuāgintā		septuāgēnsimus
80,	octōgintā		octōgēnsimus
90,	nōnāgintā		nōnāgēnsimus
100,	centum		centum
101,	centum (et) ūnus, etc.		centum (et) ūnus, etc.
120,	centum (et) vīgintī		centum (et) vīgintī
121,	centum (et) vīgintī ūnus, etc.		centum (et) vīgintī ūnus, etc.
200,	ducentī, -ae, -a		ducentī, -ae, -a
300,	trecentī		trecentī
400,	quadringentī		quadringentī
500,	quīngentī		quīngentī
600,	sescentī		sescentī
700,	septingentī		septingentī
800,	octingentī		octingentī
900,	nōngentī		nōngentī
1000,	mīlle		mīlle

479. Declension of duo, two, trēs, three, and mīlle, a thousand.

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	M. and F.	Neut.	Sing.	Plur.
N.	duo	duae	duo	trēs	trīa	mīlle	mīlia
G.	duōrum	duārum	duōrum	trium	trium	mīlle	mīlium
D.	duōbus	duābus	duōbus	tribus	tribus	mīlle	mīlibus
A.	duōs or duo	duās	duo	trīs or trēs	tria	mīlle	mīlia
A.	duōbus	duābus	duōbus	tribus	tribus	mīlle	mīlibus

Note. Mīlle is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying genitive, and is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative singular. For the declension of ūnus cf. § 470.

240

PRONOUNS

480. PERSONAL

	ego, I		tū, you		suī, of himself, etc.
	Sing.	Plur.	Sing.	Plur.	Sing.	Plur.
Nom.	ego	nōs	tū	vōs	——	——
Gen.	meī	nostrum, -trī	tuī	vestrum, -trī	suī	suī
Dat.	mihi	nōbīs	tibi	vōbīs	sibi	sibi
Acc.	mē	nōs	tē	vōs	sē, sēsē	sē, sēsē
Abl.	mē	nōbīs	tē	vōbīs	sē, sēsē	sē, sēsē

Note that suī is always reflexive.

481. DEMONSTRATIVE

Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have the pronominal endings -ī̆us and -ī in the gen. and dat. sing.

ipse, self
	Singular			Plural
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	ipse	ipsa	ipsum	ipsī	ipsae	ipsa
Gen.	ipsī´us	ipsī´us	ipsī´us	ipsōrum	ipsārum	ipsōrum
Dat.	ipsī	ipsī	ipsī	ipsīs	ipsīs	ipsīs
Acc.	ipsum	ipsam	ipsum	ipsōs	ipsās	ipsa
Abl.	ipsō	ipsā	ipsō	ipsīs	ipsīs	ipsīs

hic, this (here), he
Nom.	hic	haec	hoc	hī	hae	haec
Gen.	huius	huius	huius	hōrum	hārum	hōrum
Dat.	huic	huic	huic	hīs	hīs	hīs
Acc.	hunc	hanc	hoc	hōs	hās	haec
Abl.	hōc	hāc	hōc	hīs	hīs	hīs

iste, this, that (of yours), he
Nom.	iste	ista	istud	istī	istae	ista
Gen.	istī´us	istī´us	istī´us	istōrum	istārum	istōrum
Dat.	istī	istī	istī	istīs	istīs	istīs
Acc.	istum	istam	istud	istōs	istās	ista
Abl.	istō	istā	istō	istīs	istīs	istīs
241
ille, that (yonder), he
Nom.	ille	illa	illud	illī	illae	illa
Gen.	illī´us	illī´us	illī´us	illōrum	illārum	illōrum
Dat.	illī	illī	illī	illīs	illīs	illīs
Acc.	illum	illam	illud	illōs	illās	illa
Abl.	illō	illā	illō	illīs	illīs	illīs

is, this, that, he
Nom.	is	ea	id	iī, eī	eae	ea
Gen.	eius	eius	eius	eōrum	eārum	eōrum
Dat.	eī	eī	eī	iīs, eīs	iīs, eīs	iīs, eīs
Acc.	eum	eam	id	eōs	eās	ea
Abl.	eō	eā	eō	iīs, eīs	iīs, eīs	iīs, eīs

īdem, the same
Nom.	īdem	e´adem	idem	iī´dem eī´dem	eae´dem	e´adem
Gen.	eius´dem	eius´dem	eius´dem	eōrun´dem	eārun´dem	eōrun´dem
Dat.	eī´dem	eī´dem	eī´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem
Acc.	eun´dem	ean´dem	idem	eōs´dem	eās´dem	e´adem
Abl.	eō´dem	eā´dem	eō´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem

Note. In the plural of is and īdem the forms with two i’s are preferred, the two i’s being pronounced as one.

482. RELATIVE

quī, who, which, that
	Singular			Plural
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	quī	quae	quod	quī	quae	quae
Gen.	cuius	cuius	cuius	quōrum	quārum	quōrum
Dat.	cui	cui	cui	quibus	quibus	quibus
Acc.	quem	quam	quod	quōs	quās	quae
Abl.	quō	quā	quō	quibus	quibus	quibus

242 483. INTERROGATIVE

quis, substantive, who, what
	Singular		Plural
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	quis	quid	qui	quae	quae
Gen.	cuius	cuius	quōrum	quārum	quōrum
Dat.	cui	cui	quibus	quibus	quibus
Acc.	quem	quid	quōs	quās	quae
Abl.	quō	quō	quibus	quibus	quibus

The interrogative adjective quī, quae, quod, is declined like the relative.

484. INDEFINITES

quis and quī, as declined above,1 are used also as indefinites (some, any). The other indefinites are compounds of quis and quī.

quisque, each
	Substantive		Adjective
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	quisque	quidque	quisque	quaeque	quodque
Gen.	cuius´que	cuius´que	cuius´que	cuius´que	cuius´que
Dat.	cuique	cuique	cuique	cuique	cuique
Acc.	quemque	quidque	quemque	quamque	quodque
Abl.	quōque	quōque	quōque	quāque	quōque

1. qua is generally used instead of quae in the feminine nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and accusative plural.

485. quīdam, a certain one, a certain

Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has quoddam and the substantive quiddam.

Singular
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	quīdam	quaedam	quoddam quiddam (subst.)
Gen.	cuius´dam	cuius´dam	cuius´dam
Dat.	cuidam	cuidam	cuidam
Acc.	quendam	quandam	quoddam quiddam (subst.)
Abl.	quōdam	quādam	quōdam
243 Plural
Nom.	quīdam	quaedam	quaedam
Gen.	quōrun´dam	quārun´dam	quōrun´dam
Dat.	quibus´dam	quibus´dam	quibus´dam
Acc.	quōsdam	quāsdam	quaedam
Abl.	quibus´dam	quibus´dam	quibus´dam

486. quisquam, substantive, any one (at all)

	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	quisquam	quicquam (quidquam)
Gen.	cuius´quam	cuius´quam
Dat.	cuiquam	cuiquam
Acc.	quemquam	quicquam (quidquam)
Abl.	quōquam	quōquam

487. aliquis, substantive, some one. aliquī, adjective, some

Singular
	Substantive		Adjective
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	aliquis	aliquid	aliquī	aliqua	aliquod
Gen.	alicu´ius	alicu´ius	alicu´ius	alicu´ius	alicu´ius
Dat.	alicui	alicui	alicui	alicui	alicui
Acc.	aliquem	aliquid	aliquem	aliquam	aliquod
Abl.	aliquō	aliquō	aliquō	aliquā	aliquō

Plural for both Substantive and Adjective
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	aliquī	aliquae	aliqua
Gen.	aliquō´rum	aliquā´rum	aliquō´rum
Dat.	ali´quibus	ali´quibus	ali´quibus
Acc.	aliquōs	aliquās	aliqua
Abl.	ali´quibus	ali´quibus	ali´quibus

a. quis (quī), any one, any, is the least definite (§ 297. b). aliquis (aliquī), some one, some, is more definite than quis. quisquam, any one (at all), and its adjective ūllus, any, occur mostly with a negative, expressed or implied, and in clauses of comparison.

244

REGULAR VERBS

488. FIRST CONJUGATION. Ā-VERBS. AMŌ

Principal Parts amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
Pres. Stem amā- Perf. Stem amāv- Part. Stem amāt-
ACTIVE		PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I love, am loving, do love, etc.		I am loved, etc.
amō	amāmus	amor		amāmur
amās	amātis	amāris, -re		amāminī
amat	amant	amātur		amantur
IMPERFECT
I loved, was loving, did love, etc.		I was loved, etc.
amābam	amābāmus	amābar		amābāmur
amābās	amābātis	amābāris, -re		amābāminī
amābat	amābant	amābātur		amābantur
FUTURE
I shall love, etc.		I shall be loved, etc.
amābō	amābimus	amābor		amābimur
amābis	amābitis	amāberis, -re		amābiminī
amābit	amābunt	amābitur		amābuntur
PERFECT
I have loved, loved, did love, etc.		I have been (was) loved, etc.
amāvi	amāvimus	amātus, -a, -um	sum	amātī, -ae, -a	sumus
amāvistī	amāvistis		es		estis
amāvit	amāvērunt, -re		est		sunt
PLUPERFECT
I had loved, etc.		I had been loved, etc.
amāveram	amāverāmus	amātus, -a, -um	eram	amātī, -ae, -a	erāmus
amāverās	amāverātis		erās		erātis
amāverat	amāverant		erat		erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have loved, etc.		I shall have been loved, etc.
amāverō	amāverimus	amātus, -a, -um	erō	amātī, -ae, -a	erimus
amāveris	amāveritis		eris		eritis
amāverit	amāverint		erit		erunt
245 SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
amem	amēmus	amer		amēmur
amēs	amētis	amēris, -re		amēminī
amet	ament	amētur		amentur
IMPERFECT
amārem	amāremus	amārer		amārēmur
amārēs	amārētis	amārēris, -re		amārēminī
amāret	amārent	amārētur		amārentur
PERFECT
amāverim	amāverimus	amātus, -a, -um	sim	amātī, -ae, -a	sīmus
amāveris	amāveritis		sīs		sītis
amāverit	amāverint		sit		sint
PLUPERFECT
amāvissem	amāvissēmus	amātus, -a, -um	essem	amātī, -ae, -a	essēmus
amāvissēs	amāvissētis		essēs		essētis
amāvisset	amāvissent		esset		essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
amā, love thou		amāre, be thou loved
amāte, love ye		amāminī, be ye loved
FUTURE
amātō, thou shalt love		amātor, thou shalt be loved
amātō, he shall love		amātor, he shall be loved
amātōte, you shall love		——
amantō, they shall love		amantor, they shall be loved
INFINITIVE
Pres. amāre, to love		amārī, to be loved
Perf. amāvisse, to have loved		amātus, -a, -um esse, to have been loved
Fut. amātūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to love		[amātum īrī], to be about to be loved
PARTICIPLES
Pres. amāns, -antis, loving		Pres. ——
Fut. amātūrus, -a, -um, about to love		Gerundive1 amandus, -a, -um, to be loved
Perf. ——		Perf. amātus, -a, -um, having been loved, loved
GERUND
Nom. ——		SUPINE (Active Voice)
Gen. amandī, of loving		Acc. [amātum], to love
Dat. amandō, for loving		Abl. [amātū], to love, in the loving
Acc. amandum, loving
Abl. amandō, by loving

1. Sometimes called the future passive participle.

246 489. SECOND CONJUGATION. Ē-VERBS. MONEŌ

Principal Parts moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus
Pres. Stem monē- Perf. Stem monu- Part. Stem monit-
ACTIVE		PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I advise, etc.,		I am advised, etc.
moneō	monēmus	moneor		monēmur
monēs	monētis	monēris, -re		monēminī
monet	monent	monētur		monentur
IMPERFECT
I was advising, etc.,		I was advised, etc.
monēbam	monēbāmus	monēbar		monēbāmur
monēbās	monēbātis	monēbāris, -re		monēbāminī
monēbat	monēbant	monēbātur		monēbāntur
FUTURE
I shall advise, etc.,		I shall be advised, etc.
monēbō	monēbimus	monēbor		monēbimur
monēbis	monēbitis	monēberis, -re		monēbiminī
monēbit	monēbunt	monēbitur		monēbuntur
PERFECT
I have advised, I advised, etc.		I have been (was) advised, etc.
monuī	monuimus	monitus, -a, -um	sum	monitī, -ae, -a	sumus
monuistī	monuistis		es		estis
monuit	monuērunt, -re		est		sunt
PLUPERFECT
I had advised, etc.,		I had been advised, etc.
monueram	monuerāmus	monitus, -a, -um	eram	monitī, -ae, -a	erāmus
monuerās	monuerātis		eras		eratis
monuerat	monuerant		erat		erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have advised, etc.		I shall have been advised, etc.
monuerō	monuerimus	monitus, -a, -um	erō	monitī, -ae, -a	erimus
monueris	monuerītis		eris		eritis
monuerit	monuerīnt		erit		erunt
247 SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
moneam	moneāmus	monear		moneāmur
moneās	moneātis	moneāris, -re		moneāminī
moneat	moneant	moneātur		moneantur
IMPERFECT
monērem	monērēmus	monērer		monērēmur
monērēs	monērētis	monērēris, -re		monērēminī
monēret	monērent	monērētur		monērentur
PERFECT
monuerim	monuerimus	monitus, -a, -um	sim	monitī, -ae, -a	sīmus
monueris	monueritis		sīs		sītis
monuerit	monuerint		sit		sint
PLUPERFECT
monuissem	monuissēmus	monitus, -a, -um	essem	monitī, -ae, -a	essēmus
monuissēs	monuissētis		essēs		essētis
monuisset	monuissent		esset		essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
monē, advise thou		monēre, be thou advised
monēte, advise ye		monēminī, be ye advised
FUTURE
monētō, thou shall advise		monētor, thou shalt be advised
monētō, he shall advise		monētor, he shall be advised
monētōte, you shall advise		——
monentō, they shall advise		monentor, they shall be advised
INFINITIVE
Pres. monēre, to advise		monērī, to be advised
Perf. monuisse, to have advised		monitus, -a, -um esse, to have been advised
Fut. monitūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to advise		[monitum īrī], to be about to be advised
PARTICIPLES
Pres. monēns, -entis, advising		Pres. ——
Fut. monitūrus, -a, -um, about to advise		Ger. monendus, -a, -um, to be advised
Perf. ——		Perf. monitus, -a, -um, having been advised, advised
GERUND
Nom. ——		SUPINE (Active Voice)
Gen. monendī, of advising		Acc. [monitum], to advise
Dat. monendō, for advising		Abl. [monitū], to advise, in the advising
Acc. monendum, advising
Abl. monendō, by advising

248 490. THIRD CONJUGATION. Ĕ-VERBS. REGŌ

Principal Parts regō, regere, rexī, rēctus
Pres. Stem rege- Perf. Stem rēx- Part. Stem rēct-
ACTIVE		PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I rule, etc.		I am ruled, etc.
regō	regimus	re´gor		re´gimur
regis	regitis	re´geris, -re		regi´minī
regit	regunt	re´gitur		regun´tur
IMPERFECT
I was ruling, etc.		I was ruled, etc.
regēbam	regēbāmus	regē´bar		regēbā´mur
regēbās	regēbātis	regēbā´ris, -re		regēbā´minī
regēbat	regēbant	regēbā´tur		regēban´tur
FUTURE
I shall rule, etc.		I shall be ruled, etc.
regam	regēmus	re´gar		regē´mur
regēs	regētis	regē´ris, -re		regē´minī
reget	regent	regē´tur		regen´tur
PERFECT
I have ruled, etc.		I have been ruled, etc.
rēxī	rēximus	rēctus, -a, -um	sum	rēctī, -ae, -a	sumus
rēxistī	rēxistis		es		estis
rēxit	rēxērunt, -re		est		sunt
PLUPERFECT
I had ruled, etc.		I had been ruled, etc.
rēxeram	rēxerāmus	rēctus, -a, -um	eram	rēctī, -ae, -a	erāmus
rēxerās	rēxerātis		erās		erātis
rēxerat	rēxerant		erat		erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have ruled, etc.		I shall have been ruled, etc.
rēxerō	rēxerimus	rēctus, -a, -um	erō	rēctī, -ae, -a	erimus
rēxeris	rēxeritis		eris		eritis
rēxerit	rēxerint		erit		erunt
249 SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
regam	regāmus	regar		regāmur
regās	regātis	regāris, -re		regāminī
regat	regant	regātur		regantur
IMPERFECT
regerem	regerēmus	regerer		regerēmur
regerēs	regerētis	regerēris, -re		regerēminī
regeret	regerent	regerētur		regerentur
PERFECT
rēxerim	rēxerimus	rēctus, -a, -um	sim	rēctī, -ae, -a	sīmus
rēxeris	rēxeritis		sīs		sītis
rēxerit	rēxerint		sit		sint
PLUPERFECT
rēxissem	rēxissēmus	rēctus, -a, -um	essem	rēctī, -ae, -a	essēmus
rēxissēs	rēxissētis		essēs		essētis
rēxisset	rēxissent		esset		essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
rege, rule thou		regere, be thou ruled
regite, rule ye		regiminī, be ye ruled
FUTURE
regitō, thou shalt rule		regitor, thou shalt be ruled
regitō he shall rule		regitor, he shall be ruled
regitōte, ye shall rule		——
reguntō, they shall rule		reguntor, they shall be ruled
INFINITIVE
Pres. regere, to rule		regī, to be ruled
Perf. rēxisse, to have ruled		rēctus, -a, -um esse, to have been ruled
Fut.rēctūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to rule		[rēctum īrī], to be about to be ruled
PARTICIPLES
Pres. regēns, -entis, ruling		Pres. ——
Fut. rēctūrus, -a, -um, about to rule		Ger. regendus, -a, -um, to be ruled
Perf. ——		Perf. rēctus, -a, -um, having been ruled, ruled
GERUND
Nom. ——		SUPINE (Active Voice)
Gen. regendī, of ruling		Acc [rēctum], to rule
Dat. regendō, for ruling		Abl. [rēctū], to rule, in the ruling
Acc. regendum, ruling
Abl. regendō, by ruling

250 491. FOURTH CONJUGATION. Ī-VERBS. AUDIŌ

Principal Parts audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus
Pres. Stem audī- Perf. Stem audīv- Part. Stem audīt-
ACTIVE		PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I hear, etc.		I am heard, etc.
audiō	audīmus	au´dior		audī´mur
audīs	audītis	audī´ris, -re		audī´minī
audit	audiunt	audī´tur		audiun´tur
IMPERFECT
I was hearing, etc.		I was heard, etc.
audiēbam	audiēbāmus	audiē´bar		audiēbā´mur
audiēbās	audiēbātis	audiēbā´ris, -re		audiēbā´minī
audiēbat	audiēbant	audiēbā´tur		audiēban´tur
FUTURE
I shall hear, etc.		I shall be heard, etc.
audiam	audiēmus	au´diar		audiē´mur
audiēs	audiētis	audiē´ris, -re		audiē´minī
audiet	audient	audiē´tur		audien´tur
PERFECT
I have heard, etc.		I have been heard, etc.
audīvī	audīvimus	audītus, -a, -um	sum	audītī, -ae, -a	sumus
audīvistī	audīvistis		es		estis
audīvit	audīvērunt, -re		est		sunt
PLUPERFECT
I had heard, etc.		I had been heard, etc.
audīveram	audīverāmus	audītus, -a, -um	eram	audītī, -ae, -a	erāmus
audīverās	audīverātis		erās		erātis
audīverat	audīverant		erat		erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have heard, etc.		I shall have been heard, etc.
audīverō	audīverimus	audītus, -a, -um	erō	audītī, -ae, -a	erimus
audīveris	audīveritis		eris		eritis
audīverit	audīverint		erit		erunt
251 SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
audiam	audiāmus	audiar		audiāmur
audiās	audiātis	audiāris, -re		audiāminī
audiat	audiant	audiātur		audiantur
IMPERFECT
audīrem	audīrēmus	audīrer		audīrēmur
audīrēs	audīrētis	audīrēris, -re		audīrēminī
audīret	audīrent	audīrētur		audīrentur
PERFECT
audīverim	audiverimus	audītus, -a, -um	sim	audītī, -ae, -a	sīmus
audīveris	audiveritis		sīs		sītis
audīverit	audīverint		sit		sint
PLUPERFECT
audīvissem	audīvissēmus	audītus, -a, -um	essem	audītī, -ae, -a	essēmus
audīvissēs	audīvissētis		essēs		essētis
audīvisset	audīvissent		esset		essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
audī, hear thou		audīre, be thou heard
audīte, hear ye		audīminī, be ye heard
FUTURE
audītō, thou shalt hear		audītor, thou shalt be heard
audītō, he shall hear		audītor, he shall be heard
audītōte, ye shall hear		——
audiuntō, they shall hear		audiuntor, they shall be heard
INFINITIVE
Pres. audīre, to hear		audīrī, to be heard
audīvisse, to have heard		audītus, -a, -um esse, to have been heard
audītūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to hear		[audītum īrī, to be about to be heard
PARTICIPLES
Pres. audiēns, -entis, hearing		Pres. ——
Fut. audītūrus, -a, -um, about to hear		Ger. audiendus, -a, -um to be heard
Perf. ——		Perf. audītus, -a, -um, having been heard, heard
GERUND
Nom. ——		SUPINE (Active Voice)
Gen. audiendī, of hearing		Acc. [audītum], to hear
Dat. audiendō, for hearing		Abl. [audītu], to hear, in the hearing
Acc. audiendum, hearing
Abl. audiendō, by hearing

252 492. THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN -IŌ. CAPIŌ

Principal Parts capiō, capere, cēpī, captus
Pres. Stem cape- Perf. Stem cēp- Part. Stem capt-
ACTIVE		PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
capiō	capimus	ca´pior	ca´pimur
capis	capitis	ca´peris, -re	capi´minī
capit	capiunt	ca´pitur	capiun´tur
IMPERFECT
capiēbam	capiebamus	capiē´bar	capiēbā´mur
capiēbas	capiēbātis	capiēba´ris, -re	capiēbā´minī
capiēbat	capiēbant	capiēbā´tur	capieban´tur
FUTURE
capiam	capiēmus	ca´piar	capiē´mur
capiēs	capiētis	capiē´ris, -re	capiē´minī
capiet	capient	capiē´tur	capien´tur
PERFECT
cēpī, cēpistī, cēpit, etc.		captus, -a, -um sum, es, est, etc.
PLUPERFECT
cēperam, cēperās, cēperat, etc.		captus, -a, -um eram, erās, erat, etc.
FUTURE PERFECT
cēperō, cēperis, cēperit, etc.		captus, -a, -um erō, eris, erit, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
capiam, capiās, capiat, etc.		capiar, -iāris, -re, -iātur, etc.
IMPERFECT
caperem, caperēs, caperet, etc.		caperer, -erēris, -re, -erētur, etc.
PERFECT
cēperim, cēperis, cēperit, etc.		captus, -a, -um sim, sīs, sit, etc.
PLUPERFECT
cēpissem, cēpissēs, cēpisset, etc.		captus,-a, -um essem, essēs, esset, etc.
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
2d Pers. cape	capite	capere	capiminī
253 FUTURE
2d Pers. capitō	capitōte	capitor	——
3rd Pers. capitō	capiuntō	capitor	capiuntor
INFINITIVE
Pres. capere		capī
Perf. cēpisse		captus, -a, -um esse
Fut. captūrus, -a, -um esse		[captum īrī]
PARTICIPLES
Pres. capiēns, -ientis		Pres. ——
Fut. captūrus, -a, -um		Ger. capiendus, -a, -um
Perf. ——		Perf. captus, -a, -um
GERUND		SUPINE (Active Voice)
Gen. capiendī		Acc. [captum]
etc.		Abl. [captū]

493. DEPONENT VERBS

Principal Parts	I.	hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum, urge
	II.	vereor, verērī, veritus sum, fear
	III.	sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow
	IV.	partior, partīrī, partītus sum, share, divide

Note. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -iō verbs of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capiō.

Indicative
Pres.	hortor	vereor	sequor	partior
	hortāris, -re	verēris, -re	sequeris, -re	partīris, -re
	hortātur	verētur	sequitur	partītur
	hortāmur	verēmur	sequimur	partīmur
	hortāminī	verēminī	sequiminī	partīminī
	hortantur	verentur	sequuntur	partiuntur
Impf.	hortābar	verēbar	sequēbar	partiēbar
Fut.	hortābor	verēbor	sequar	partiar
Perf.	hortātus sum	veritus sum	secūtus sum	partītus sum
Plup.	hortātus eram	veritus eram	secūtus eram	partītus eram
F. P.	hortātus erō	veritus erō	secūtus erō	partītus erō
254 Subjunctive
Pres.	horter	verear	sequar	partiar
Impf.	hortārer	verērer	sequerer	partīrer
Perf.	hortātus sim	veritus sim	secūtus sim	partītus sim
Plup.	hortātus essem	veritus essem	secūtus essem	partītus essem
Imperative
Pres.	hortāre	verēre	sequere	partīre
Fut.	hortātor	verētor	sequitor	partītor
Infinitive
Pres.	hortārī	verērī	sequī	partīrī
Perf.	hortātus esse	veritus esse	secūtus esse	partītus esse
Fut.	*hortātūrus esse	*veritūrus esse	*secūtūrus esse	*partītūrus esse
Participles
Pres.	*hortāns	*verēns	*sequēns	*partiēns
Fut.	*hortāturus	*veritūrus	*secūtūrus	*partītūrus
Perf.	hortātus	veritus	secūtus	partītus
Ger.	hortandus	verendus	sequendus	partiendus
Gerund
	*hortandī, etc.	*verendī, etc.	*sequendī, etc.	*partiendī, etc.
Supine
	[hortātus, -tū*]	[veritum, -tū*]	[secūtum, -tū*]	[partītum, -tū*]

IRREGULAR VERBS

494. sum, am, be

Indicative
Principal Parts sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
Pres. Stem es- Perf. Stem fu- Part. Stem fut-
Present
SINGULAR		PLURAL
sum, I am		sumus, we are
es, thou art		estis, you are
est, he (she, it) is		sunt, they are
Imperfect
eram, I was		erāmus, we were
erās, thou wast		erātis, you were
erat, he was		erant, they were
255 Future
erō, I shall be		erimus, we shall be
eris, thou wilt be		eritis, you will be
erit, he will be		erunt, they will be
Perfect
fuī, I have been, was		fuimus, we have been, were
fuistī, thou hast been, wast		fuistis, you have been, were
fuit, he has been, was		fuērunt, fuēre, they have been, were
Pluperfect
fueram, I had been		fuerāmus, we had been
fuerās, thou hadst been		fuerātis, you had been
fuerat, he had been		fuerant, they had been
Future Perfect
fuerō, I shall have been		fuerimus, we shall have been
fueris, thou wilt have been		fueritis, you will have been
fuerit, he will have been		fuerint, they will have been
Subjunctive
Present		Imperfect
SINGULAR	PLURAL	SINGULAR	PLURAL
sim	sīmus	essem	essēmus
sīs	sītis	essēs	essētis
sit	sint	esset	essent
Perfect		Pluperfect
fuerim	fuerimus	fuissem	fuissēmus
fueris	fueritis	fuissēs	fuissētis
fuerit	fuerint	fuisset	fuissent
Imperative
PRESENT		FUTURE
2d Pers. Sing. es, be thou		2d Pers. Sing. estō, thou shalt be
2d Pers. Plur. este, be ye		3d Pers. Sing. estō, he shall be
2d Pers. Plur. estōte, ye shall be 3d Pers. Plur. suntō, they shall be
Infinitive		Participle
Pres. esse, to be
Perf. fuisse, to have been
Fut. futūrus, -a, -um esse or fore, to be about to be		futūrus, -a, -um, about to be

256 495. possum, be able, can

	Principal Parts possum, posse, potuī, ——
	Indicative		Subjunctive
	SINGULAR	PLURAL	SINGULAR	PLURAL
Pres.	possum	pos´sumus	possim	possī´mus
	potes	potes´tis	possīs	possī´tis
	potest	possunt	possit	possint
Impf.	poteram	poterāmus	possem	possē´mus
Fut.	poterō	poterimus	——	——
Perf.	potuī	potuimus	potuerim	potuerimus
Plup.	potueram	potuerāmus	potuissem	potuissēmus
F. P.	potuerō	potuerimus	——	——
	Infinitive
	Pres. posse		Perf. potuisse
	Participle
	Pres. potens, gen. -entis, (adjective) powerful

496. prōsum, benefit

	Principal Parts prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus
	Pres. Stem prōdes- Perf. Stem prōfu- Part. Stem prōfut-
	Indicative		Subjunctive
	SINGULAR	PLURAL	SINGULAR	PLURAL
Pres.	prōsum	prō´sumus	prōsim	prōsī´mus
	prōdes	prōdes´tis	prōsīs	prōsī´tis
	prōdest	prōsunt	prōsit	prōsint
Impf.	prōderam	prōderāmus	prōdessem	prodessē´mus
Fut.	prōderō	prōderimus	——	——
Perf.	prōfuī	prōfuimus	prōfuerim	prōfuerimus
Plup.	prōfueram	prōfuerāmus	prōfuissem	prōfuissēmus
F. P.	prōfuerō	prōfuerimus	——	——
	Imperative
	Pres. 2d Pers. prōdes, prōdeste		Fut. 2d Pers. prōdestō, prōdestōte
	Infinitive
Pres. prōdesse		Perf. prōfuisse	Fut. prōfutūrus, -a, -um esse
	Future Participle prōfutūrus, -a, -um