|
257 497.
Principal
Parts |
volō, velle, voluī, ——, be
willing, will, wish
nōlō, nōlle, nōluī,
——, be unwilling, will not
mālō, mālle, māluī,
——, be more willing, prefer
|
Nōlō and mālō are compounds of volō.
Nōlō is for ne (not) + volō,
and mālō for mā (from magis, more)
+ volō. The second person vīs is from a
different root.
| Indicative |
| SINGULAR |
| Pres. |
volō |
nōlō |
mālō |
|
vīs |
nōn vis |
māvīs |
|
vult |
nōn vult |
māvult |
| PLURAL |
|
volumus |
nōlumus |
mālumus |
|
vultis |
nōn vultis |
māvul´tis
|
|
volunt |
nōlunt |
mālunt |
| Impf. |
volēbam |
nōlēbam |
mālēbam |
| Fut. |
volam, volēs, etc. |
nōlam, nōlēs, etc. |
mālam, mālēs, etc. |
| Perf. |
voluī |
nōluī |
māluī |
| Plup. |
volueram |
nōlueram |
mālueram |
| F. P. |
voluerō |
nōluerō |
māluerō |
| Subjunctive |
| SINGULAR |
| Pres. |
velim |
nōlim |
mālim |
|
velīs |
nōlīs |
mālīs |
|
velit |
nōlit |
mālit |
| PLURAL |
|
velī´mus |
nōlī´mus |
mālī´mus |
|
velī´tis |
nōlī´tis |
mālī´tis |
|
velint |
nōlint |
mālint |
| Impf. |
vellem |
nōllem |
māllem |
| Perf. |
voluerim |
nōluerim |
māluerim |
| Plup. |
voluissem |
nōluissem |
māluissem |
| Imperative |
| Pres. |
—— |
nōlī
nōlīte
|
—— |
| Fut. |
—— |
nōlītō, etc. |
—— |
| 258 Infinitive |
| Pres. |
velle |
nōlle |
mālle |
| Perf. |
voluisse |
nōluisse |
māluisse |
| Participle |
| Pres. |
volēns, -entis |
nōlēns, -entis |
—— |
498. ferō,
bear, carry, endure
|
Principal
Parts ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus |
|
Pres. Stem
fer- Perf. Stem
tul- Part. Stem
lāt- |
|
Indicative |
|
ACTIVE |
PASSIVE |
| Pres. |
ferō |
ferimus |
feror |
ferimur |
|
fers |
fertīs |
ferris, -re |
ferimimī |
|
fert |
ferunt |
fertur |
feruntur |
| Impf. |
ferēbam |
ferēbar |
| Fut. |
feram, ferēs, etc. |
ferar, ferēris, etc. |
| Perf. |
tulī |
lātus, -a, -um sum |
| Plup. |
tuleram |
lātus, -a, -um eram |
| F. P. |
tulerō |
lātus, -a, -um erō |
|
Subjunctive |
| Pres. |
feram, ferās, etc. |
ferar, ferāris, etc. |
| Impf. |
ferrem |
ferrer |
| Perf. |
tulerim |
lātus, -a, -um sim |
| Plup. |
tulissem |
lātus, -a, -um essem |
|
Imperative |
| Pres. 2d Pers. fer |
ferte |
ferre |
feriminī |
| Fut. 2d Pers. fertō |
fertōte |
fertor |
|
| 3d Pers. fertō |
ferunto |
fertor |
feruntor |
|
Infinitive |
| Pres. |
ferre |
ferrī |
| Perf. |
tulisse |
lātus, -a, -um esse |
| Fut. |
lātūrus, -a, -um esse |
—— |
|
Participles |
| Pres. |
ferēns, -entis |
Pres. —— |
| Fut. |
lātūrus, -a, -um |
Ger. ferendus, -a, -um |
| Perf. |
—— |
Perf. lātus, -a, -um |
| 259 Gerund |
Supine (Active
Voice) |
| Gen. ferendī |
Acc. ferendum |
Acc. [lātum] |
| Dat. ferendō |
Abl. ferendō |
Abl. [lātū] |
499. eō,
go
|
Principal
Parts eō, īre, iī (īvī),
ĭtum (n. perf. part.) |
|
Pres. Stem
ī- Perf. Stem
ī- or īv- Part.
Stem it- |
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Imperative |
|
SING. |
PLUR. |
| Pres. |
eō
īs
it |
īmus
ītis
eunt |
eam |
2d Pers. ī |
īte |
| Impf. |
ībam |
īrem |
|
|
| Fut. |
ībō |
—— |
2d Pers. ītō
3d Pers. ītō |
ītōte
euntō |
| Perf. |
iī (īvī) |
ierim (īverim) |
|
|
| Plup. |
ieram (īveram) |
īssem (īvissem) |
|
|
| F. P. |
ierō (īverō)
| |
|
|
|
Infinitive |
Participles |
| Pres. |
īre |
Pres. iēns, gen. euntis (§ 472) |
| Perf. |
īsse (īvisse) |
Fut. itūrus, -a, -um |
| Fut. |
itūrus, -a, -um esse |
Ger. eundum |
|
|
|
Gerund |
Supine |
|
|
|
Gen. eundī |
Acc. [itum] |
|
|
|
Dat. eundō |
Abl. [itū] |
|
|
|
Acc. eundum |
|
|
|
Abl. eundō |
a. The verb eō is used impersonally
in the third person singular of the passive, as ītur, itum
est, etc.
b. In the perfect system the forms with v
are very rare.
500. fīō,
passive of faciō; be made, become, happen
|
Principal
Parts fīō, fierī, factus sum |
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Imperative |
| Pres. |
fīō
fīs
fit |
——
——
fīunt |
fīam |
2d Pers. fī |
fīte |
| Impf. |
fīēbam |
fierem |
|
|
| Fut. |
fīam |
—— |
|
|
| 260 Perf. |
factus, -a, -um sum |
factus, -a, -um sim |
|
|
| Plup. |
factus, -a, -um eram |
factus, -a, -um essem
| |
|
| F. P. |
factus, -a, -um erō |
|
|
|
|
Infinitive |
|
Participles |
| Pres. |
fierī |
|
Perf. factus, -a, -um |
| Perf. |
factus, -a, -um esse |
|
Ger. faciendus, -a, -um |
| Fut. |
[factum īrī] |
|
|
|
CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR
261
APPENDIX II
501. RULES
OF SYNTAX
Note. The rules of syntax
are here classified and numbered consecutively. The number of the text
section in which the rule appears is given at the end of each.
Nominative Case
1. The subject of a finite
verb is in the nominative and answers the question Who? or What? § 36.
Agreement
2. A finite verb must
always be in the same person and number as its subject. § 28.
3. A predicate noun agrees
in case with the subject of the verb. § 76.
4. An appositive agrees in
case with the noun which it explains. § 81.
5. Adjectives agree with
their nouns in gender, number, and case. § 65.
6. A predicate adjective
completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case
with the subject of the main verb. § 215. a.
7. A relative pronoun must
agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is
determined by the way it is used in its own clause. § 224.
Prepositions
8. A noun governed by a
preposition must be in the accusative or ablative case. § 52.
Genitive Case
9. The word denoting the
owner or possessor of something is in the genitive and answers the
question Whose? § 38.
10. The possessive
genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of sum,
and is then called the predicate genitive. § 409.
11. Words denoting a part
are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the partitive
genitive. § 331.
12. Numerical
descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying
adjective. § 443.
262 Dative
Case
13. The indirect object
of a verb is in the dative. § 45.
14. The dative of the
indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crēdō,
faveō, noceō, pāreō, persuādeō,
resistō, studeō, and others of like meaning. § 154.
15. Some verbs compounded
with ad, ante, con, dē, in, inter,
ob, post, prae, prō, sub, super,
admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take
both an accusative and a dative. § 426.
16. The dative is used
with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is
directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit,
friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites. § 143.
17. The dative is used to
denote the purpose or end for which; often with another
dative denoting the person or thing affected. § 437.
Accusative Case
18. The direct object of
a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers the question Whom? or
What? § 37.
19. The subject of the
infinitive is in the accusative. § 214.
20. The place to which
is expressed by ad or in with the accusative. Before names
of towns, small islands, domus, and rūs the
preposition is omitted. §§ 263,
266.
21. Duration of time
and extent of space are expressed by the accusative. § 336.
22. Verbs of making,
choosing, calling, showing, and the like, may take a predicate
accusative along with the direct object. With the passive voice the
two accusatives become nominatives. § 392.
Ablative Case
23. Cause is
denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question
Because of what? § 102.
24. Means is
denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question
By means of what? or With what? § 103.
25. Accompaniment
is denoted by the ablative with cum. This answers the question
With whom? § 104.
26. The ablative with cum
is used to denote the manner of an action. Cum may be omitted, if
an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How?
or In what manner? § 105.
27. With comparatives and
words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure
of difference. § 317.
263 28.
The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle
in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. This is called
the ablative absolute. § 381.
29. 1. Descriptions of
physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying
adjective. § 444.
2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements
nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or
the ablative with a modifying adjective. § 445.
30. The ablative is used
to denote in what respect something is true. § 398.
31. The place from
which is expressed by ā or ab, dē, ē
or ex with the separative ablative. This answers the question
Whence? Before names of towns, small islands, domus, and rūs
the preposition is omitted. §§ 264,
266.
32. Words expressing
separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning.
This is called the ablative of separation. § 180.
33. The word expressing
the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in
the ablative with the preposition ā or ab. This is
called the ablative of the personal agent. § 181.
34. The comparative
degree, if quam is omitted, is followed by the separative
ablative. § 309.
35. The time when or
within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a
preposition. § 275.
36. 1. The place at or
in which is expressed by the ablative with in. This answers
the question Where? Before names of towns, small islands, and rūs
the preposition is omitted. §§ 265,
266.
2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of
the first or second declension, and the word domus express the place
in which by the locative. § 268.
Gerund and Gerundive
37. 1. The gerund is a
verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and
ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the
same as those of other nouns. § 406. 1.
2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used
instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the
ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive
construction is more usual. § 406. 2.
38. The accusative of the
gerund or gerundive with ad, or the genitive with causā,
is used to express purpose. § 407.
264 Moods
and Tenses of Verbs
39. Primary tenses are
followed by primary tenses, and secondary by secondary. § 358.
40. The subjunctive is
used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action
in the principal clause. § 349.
41. A substantive
clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as object with verbs
of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising,
where in English we should usually have the infinitive. § 366.
42. Verbs of fearing
are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by ut
(that not) or nē (that or lest). § 372.
43. Consecutive
clauses of result are introduced by ut or ut nōn,
and have the verb in the subjunctive. § 385.
44. Object clauses of
result with ut or ut nōn are found after verbs of
effecting or bringing about. § 386.
45. A relative clause
with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is
called the subjunctive of characteristic or description. § 390.
46. The conjunction cum
means when, since, or although. It is followed by the
subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at
which the main action took place. § 396.
47. When a direct
statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the
infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the
infinitive. § 416.
48. The
accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found
after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving.
§ 419.
49. A present indicative
of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past
indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes
future infinitive. § 418.
50. In an indirect
question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined
by the law for tense sequence. § 432.
DOMINA
265
APPENDIX III
REVIEWS1
502. Give the English
of the following words:1
| Nouns |
|
agricola
ancilla
aqua
casa
causa
cēna
corōna
|
dea
domina
fābula
fera
fīlia
fortūna
fuga
|
gallīna
iniūria
īnsula
lūna
nauta
pecūnia
puella
|
pugna
sagitta
silva
terra
tuba
via
victōria
|
| Adjectives |
|
alta
bona
|
clāra
grāta
|
lāta
longa
|
magna
mala
|
nova
parva
|
pulchra
sōla
|
| Verbs |
|
amat
dat
|
est
habitat
|
labōrat
laudat
|
nārrat
necat
|
nūntiat
parat
|
portat
pugnat
|
sunt
vocat
|
| Prepositions |
Pronouns |
Adverbs |
Conjunctions |
Interrogative
Particle |
|
ā or ab
ad
cum
dē
ē or ex
in
|
mea
tua
quis
cuius
cui
quem
quid
|
cūr
deinde
nōn
ubi
|
et
quia
quod
|
-ne
|
266 503.
Give the Latin of the following words:1
Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word
till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you
have underlined.
|
flight
story
new
lives (verb)
away from
who
why
forest
wreath
deep, high
dinner
famous
cottage
battle (noun)
trumpet
lady, mistress
whom
island
|
wide
tells
money
calls
with
your
then, in the
next place
daughter
to whom
fortune
out from
labors (verb)
gives
small
in
and
sailor
farmer
|
goddess
wild beast
praises (verb)
alone
pleasing
prepares
are
to
because
arrow
my
kills
girl
fights (verb)
carries
chicken
victory
land
|
what
way
bad
loves
pretty
water
great
is
announces
injury, wrong
where
not
good
maid
down from
long
cause
whose
|
504. Review Questions.
How many syllables has a Latin word? How are words divided into
syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the antepenult? When is a
syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is the law of Latin
accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the predicate; the object; the
copula. What is inflection? declension? conjugation? What is the ending
of the verb in the third person singular, and what in the plural? What
does the form of a noun show? Name the Latin cases. What case is used
for the subject? the direct object? the possessor? What relation is
expressed by the dative case? Give the rule for the indirect object. How
are questions answered in Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an
attributive adjective? What is meant by agreement? Give the rule for the
agreement of the adjective. What are the three relations expressed by
the ablative? What can you say of the position of the possessive
pronoun? the modifying genitive? the adjective? What is the base? What
is grammatical gender? What is the rule for gender in the first
declension? What are the general principles of Latin word order?
267
505. Fill out the
following summary of the first declension:
| The First or Ā-Declension |
1. Ending in the nominative singular |
| 2. Rule for gender |
| 3. Case terminations |
a. Singular
b. Plural |
| 4. Irregular nouns |
506. Give the English
of the following words:
| Nouns of the First Declension |
|
agrī cultūra
cōnstantia
|
cōpia
dīligentia
|
fāma
fēmina
|
galea
inopia
|
lacrima
lōrīca
|
patria
praeda
|
| Nouns of the Second Declension |
|
ager
amīcus
arma (plural)
auxilium
bellum
carrus
castrum
|
cibus
cōnsilium
domicilium
dominus
equus
fīlius
fluvius
|
frūmentum
gladius
lēgātus
līberī
magister
mūrus
numerus
|
oppidānus
oppidum
pīlum
populus
praemium
proelium
puer
|
scūtum
servus
studium
tēlum
vīcus
vir
|
| Adjectives of the First and Second Declensons |
|
aeger, aegra, aegrum
alius, alia, aliud
alter, altera, alterum
armātus, -a, -um
crēber, crēbra, crēbrum
dūrus, -a, -um
fīnitimus, -a, -um
īnfīrmus, -a, -um
legiōnārius, -a, -um
līber, lībera, līberum
mātūrus, -a, -um
meus, -a, -um
miser, misera, miserum
multus, -a, -um
|
neuter, neutra, neutrum
noster, nostra, nostrum
alter, altera, alterum
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
sōlus, -a, -um
suus, -a, -um
fīnitimus, -a, -um
tuus, -a, -um
ūllus, -a, -um
ūnus, -a, -um
uter, utra, utrum
validus, -a, -um
vester, vestra, vestrum
|
| 268 Verbs |
Demonstrative
Pronoun |
Adverbs |
|
arat
cūrat
dēsīderat
mātūrat
properat
|
is, ea, id
Conjunctions
an
-que
sed
|
iam
quō
saepe
Preposition
apud |
507. Give the Latin of
the following words:
|
sword
corselet
man
your (plural)
hasten
but
among
tear (noun)
village
strong
long for
and (enclitic)
often
want (noun)
which (of two)
care for
or (in a question)
whither
wagon
townsman
wretched
ripe
|
war
number
my
free (adj.)
children
wall
grain
weapon
one
plow (verb)
this or that
already
helmet
river
zeal
any
he
son
slave
your (singular)
she
woman
horse
|
shield (noun)
whole
it
aid (noun)
legionary
weak
arms
master
(of school)
friend
neighboring
sick
lieutenant
field
report, rumor
abode
boy
his own
alone
prize (noun)
master (owner)
carefulness
plenty
troops
|
plan (noun)
people
beautiful
no (adj.)
our
battle
spear
food
steadiness
fatherland
town
fort
camp
neither (of two)
much
agriculture
other
the other (of two)
hard
booty
frequent
armed
|
508. Review Questions.
How many declensions are there? What three things must be known about a
noun before it can be declined? What three cases of neuter nouns are
always alike, and in what do they end in the plural? What two plural
cases are always alike? When is the vocative singular not like the
nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what does it agree? What is
an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of an appositive. How can
we tell whether a noun in -er is declined like puer or
like ager? 269 Decline
bonus, līber, pulcher. How can we tell whether
an adjective in -er is declined like līber or like pulcher?
Why must we say nauta bonus and not nauta bona? Name the
Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the
possessive pronoun agree? When do we use tuus and when vester?
Why is suus called a reflexive possessive? What is the
non-reflexive possessive of the third person? When are possessives
omitted? What four uses of the ablative case are covered by the
relations expressed in English by with? Give an illustration in
Latin of the ablative of manner; of the ablative of cause;
of the ablative of means; of the ablative of accompaniment.
What ablative regularly has cum? What ablative sometimes has cum?
What uses of the ablative never have cum? Name the nine
pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline alius, nūllus.
Decline is. What does is mean as a demonstrative adjective
or pronoun? What other important use has it?
509. Fill out the
following summary of the second declension:
The Second or
O-Declension |
1. Endings in the nominative |
| 2. Rule for gender |
| 3. Case terminations of nouns in -us |
a. Singular
b. Plural |
| a. The vocative singular of nouns in
-us |
| 4. Case terminations of nouns in -um |
a. Singular
b. Plural |
| 5. Peculiarities of nouns in -er and -ir |
| 6. Peculiarities of nouns in -ius and -ium |
510. Give the English
of the following words:
| Nouns of the First Declension |
|
disciplīna
fōrma
|
poena
potentia
|
rēgīna
superbia
|
trīstitia |
| Nouns of the Second Declension |
| lūdus |
ōrnāmentum |
sacrum |
socius |
verbum |
| Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions |
|
amīcus
antīquus
fīnitimus
|
grātus
idōneus
inimīcus
|
interfectus
īrātus
laetus
|
molestus
perpetuus
proximus
|
septem
superbus
|
| 270 Adverbs |
Conjunctions |
Personal Pronoun |
|
hodiē
ibi
maximē
|
mox
nunc
nūper
|
etiam
nōn sōlum ... sed etiam
|
ego
|
| Verbs |
| CONJ. I |
CONJ. II |
CONJ. III |
CONJ. IV |
|
volō, -āre
IRREGULAR VERB
sum, esse
|
dēleō, -ēre
doceō, -ēre
faveō, -ēre
habeō, -ēre
iubeō, -ēre
moneō, -ēre
moveō, -ēre
noceō, -ēre
pāreō, -ēre
persuādeō, -ēre
sedeō, -ēre
studeō, -ēre
videō, -ēre
|
agō, -ere
capiō, -ere
crēdō, -ere
dīcō, -ere
dūcō, -ere
faciō, -ere
fugiō, -ere
iaciō, -ere
mittō, -ere
rapiō, -ere
regō, -ere
resistō, -ere
|
audiō, -īre
mūniō, -īre
reperiō, -īre
veniō, -īre
|
511. Give the Latin of
the following words. In the case of verbs always give the first form
and the present infinitive.
|
ancient
come
resist
see
be
fly
I
proud
word
sadness
find
rule (verb)
be eager for
|
not only ...
but also
seven
ally, companion
pride
fortify
send
sit
also
school
hear
hurl
persuade
only
|
nearest
sacred rite
queen
flee
obey
lately
constant
ornament
power
make, do
injure
now
annoying
lead
|
move
soon
glad
punishment
believe
advise
especially,
most of all
angry
beauty
say
command (verb)
there
slain
|
training
take
have
to-day
unfriendly
drive
favor (verb)
suitable
pleasing
teach
neighboring
destroy
friendly
seize
|
512. Review Questions.
What is conjugation? Name two important differences between conjugation
in Latin and in English. What is tense? 271
What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we
use the indicative mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are
personal endings? Name those you have had. Inflect sum in the
three tenses you have learned. How many regular conjugations are there?
How are they distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses
are formed from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the
imperfect? What is the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign
of the future in the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before
what letters is a final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the
three possible translations of a present, as of pugnō?
Inflect arō, sedeō, mittō, faciō, and veniō,
in the present, imperfect, and future active. What forms of -iō
verbs of the third conjugation are like audiō? what like regō?
Give the rule for the dative with adjectives. Name the special
intransitive verbs that govern the dative. What does the imperative mood
express? How is the present active imperative formed in the singular? in
the plural? What three verbs have a shortened present active imperative?
Give the present active imperative of portō, dēleō, agō,
faciō, mūniō.
513. Give the English
of the following words:
| Nouns of the First Declension |
| āla |
cūra |
mora |
porta |
prōvincia |
vīta |
| Nouns of the Second Declension |
|
animus
aurum
|
bracchium
deus
|
locus
mōnstrum
|
nāvigium
ōrāculum
|
perīculum
ventus
|
vīnum
|
| Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions |
|
adversus
attentus
cārus
|
commōtus
dēfessus
dexter
|
dubius
maximus
perfidus
|
plēnus
saevus
sinister
|
| Adverbs |
|
anteā
celeriter
dēnique
|
diū
frūstrā
graviter
|
ita
longē
semper
|
subitō
tamen
tum
|
| Conjunctions |
| autem |
sī |
ubi |
| 272 Prepositions |
| dē |
per |
prō |
sine |
| Verbs |
| CONJ. I |
CONJ. II |
|
adpropinquō
nāvigō
occupō
postulō
|
recūsō
reportō
servō
stō
|
superō
temptō
vāstō
vulnerō
|
contineō
egeō
prohibeō
respondeō
teneō
|
| CONJ. III |
IRREGULAR VERB |
| discēdō |
gerō |
interficiō |
absum |
514. Translate the
following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and
the principal parts of the verbs.
|
be away
wind
through
if
savage
wound (verb)
wine
delay
faithless
right
seize
quickly
before, in behalf of
battle
down from or concerning
|
moreover
greatest
oracle
danger
lay waste
gate
doubtful
opposite, adverse
demand
finally
attentive
then, at that time
weary
overcome,
conquer
|
boat, ship
sail (verb)
life
save
full
refuse
heavily
monster
approach
nevertheless
place
be without,
lack
moved
gold
restrain, keep from
|
without
hold
suddenly
dear
always
god
hold in, keep
afar
thus, so,
as follows
arm (noun)
when
in vain
stand
bring back, win
|
before,
previously
depart,
go away
province
care, trouble
kill
reply (verb)
wing
mind, heart
left (adj.)
bear, carry on
try
for a long time
|
515. Give the principal
parts and meaning of the following verbs:
|
sum
dō
teneō
iubeō
agō
mittō
mūniō
|
moveō
crēdō
rapiō
reperiō
dēleō
resistō
audiō
|
moneō
capiō
doceō
regō
faveō
noceō
dīcō
|
pāreō
dūcō
faciō
persuādeō
sedeō
studeō
fugiō
|
veniō
iaciō
videō
absum
egeō
gerō
stō
|
273 516.
Review Questions. What are the personal endings in the passive
voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the
distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute
the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How
may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the
infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms
are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial
stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the
tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How
is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive?
How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive
imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect
passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is
a participle? How are participles in -us declined? Give the rule
for the agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect,
and future perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb sum
in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (§ 494).
What is meant by the separative ablative? How is the place from which
expressed in Latin? Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for
the ablative of the personal agent. How can we distinguish between the
ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent? What is the
perfect definite? the perfect indefinite? What is the difference in
meaning between the perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases
in Latin may be governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that
govern the ablative. What does the preposition in mean when it
governs the ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives
used to introduce yes-and-no questions? Explain the force
of each. What words are sometimes used for yes and no?
What are the different meanings and uses of ubi?
517. Give the English
of the following words:
| Nouns |
| FIRST DECLENSION |
SECOND DECLENSION |
| rīpa |
barbarī
captīvus
|
castellum
impedīmentum
|
| THIRD DECLENSION |
|
animal
arbor
avis
caedēs
274 calamitās
calcar
caput
cīvis
cliēns
|
collis
cōnsul
dēns
dux
eques
fīnis
flūmen
fōns
frāter
|
homō
hostīs
ignis
imperātor
īnsigne
iter
iūdex
labor
lapis
|
legiō
mare
māter
mēnsis
mīles
mōns
nāvis
opus
ōrātor
|
ōrdō
pater
pedes
pēs
pōns
prīnceps
rēx
salūs
sanguis
|
soror
tempus
terror
turris
urbs
victor
virtūs
vīs
|
| Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions |
| barbarus |
dexter |
sinister |
summus |
| Prepositions |
Adverbs |
Conjunctions |
|
in with the abl.
in with the acc.
trāns
|
cotīdiē
numquam
|
nec, neque
nec ... nec, or neque ... neque
|
| Verbs |
| CONJ. I |
CONJ. III |
|
cessō
confirmō
|
oppugnō
vetō
|
accipiō
incipiō
|
petō
ponō
|
vincō
vivō
|
518. Translate the
following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and
the principal parts of the verbs:
|
forbid
rank, row
brother
force
across
savages
horseman
never
mountain
manliness,
courage
leader
put, place
time
savage,
barbarous
sister
seek
captive
hindrance,
baggage
|
man-of-war
judge
defeat, disaster
fire
tree
foot soldier
receive
general
highest
fountain
orator
neither ... nor
and not
left
tooth
soldier
month
city
victor
daily
live (verb)
|
conquer
consul
mother
retainer
citizen
head
safety
assail, storm
begin
march
decoration
bridge
bird
cease
man
river
work (noun)
and
ship
bank
|
redoubt, fort
sea
tower
drill (verb)
legion
terror
into, to
right (adj.)
in
stone
blood
labor (noun)
king
spur
chief
slaughter
strengthen
foot
enemy
animal
father
|
275 519.
Review Questions. Give the conjugation of possum. What is
an infinitive? What three uses has the Latin infinitive that are like
the English? What is the case of the subject of the infinitive? What is
meant by a complementary infinitive? In the sentence The bad boy
cannot be happy, what is the case of happy? Give the rule.
Decline quī. Give the rule for the agreement of the
relative. What are the two uses of the interrogative? Decline quis.
What is the base of a noun? How is the stem formed from the base? Are
the stem and the base ever the same? How many declensions of nouns are
there? Name them. What are the two chief divisions of the third
declension? How are the consonant stems classified? Explain the
formation of lapis from the stem lapid-, mīles
from mīlit-, rēx from rēg-. What
nouns have i-stems? What peculiarities of form do i-stems
have,—masc., fem., and neut.? Name the five nouns that have -ī
and -e in the abl. Decline turris. Give the rules for
gender in the third declension. Decline mīles, lapis,
rēx, virtūs, cōnsul, legiō,
homō, pater, flūmen, opus, tempus,
caput, caedēs, urbs, hostis, mare,
animal, vīs, iter.
520. Fill out the
following scheme:
| The Third Declension |
Gender Endings |
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter |
| Case Terminations |
I. Consonant Stems |
a. Masc. and fem.
b. Neuters |
| II. I-Stems |
a. Masc. and fem.
b. Neuters |
| Irregular Nouns |
521. Give the English
of the following words:
| Nouns |
| FIRST DECLENSION |
SECOND DECLENSION |
|
amīcitia
hōra
littera
|
annus
modus
nūntius
oculus
|
rēgnum
signum
supplicium,
supplicium dare
supplicium sūmere dē
|
tergum,
tergum vertere
vestīgium
|
| 276
THIRD DECLENSION |
FOURTH DECLENSION |
|
aestās
corpus
hiems
lībertās
lūx,
prīma lūx
nōmen
|
nox
pars
pāx
rūs
sōl
vōx
vulnus
|
adventus
cornū
domus
equitātus
exercitus
fluctus
|
impetus
lacus
manus
metus
portus
|
| FIFTH DECLENSION |
INDECLINABLE NOUN |
|
aciēs
diēs
fidēs,
in fidem venīre
|
rēs,
rēs gestae
rēs adversae
rēs pūblica
rēs secundae
|
spēs |
nihil |
| Adjectives |
| FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS |
THIRD DECLENSION |
|
dēnsus
invīsus
mīrus
paucī
prīmus
|
prīstinus
pūblicus
secundus
tantus
vērus
|
ācer, ācris, ācre
brevis, breve
difficilis, difficile
facīlis, facile
fortis, forte
|
gravis, grave
incolumis, incolume
omnis, omne
pār, pār
vēlōx, vēlōx
|
| Pronouns |
| PERSONAL |
DEMONSTRATIVE |
INTENSIVE |
INDEFINITE |
|
ego
nōs
suī
tū
vōs
|
hic
īdem
ille
iste
|
ipse |
aliquis, aliquī
quīdam
quis, quī
quisquam
quisque
|
| Adverbs |
Conjunctions |
Prepositions |
|
nē ... quidem
ōlim
|
paene
quoque
|
satis
vērō
|
itaque
nisi
|
ante
post
propter
|
| Verbs |
| CONJ. I |
CONJ. II |
CONJ. III |
CONJ. IV |
|
conlocō
convocō
cremō
dēmōnstrō
mandō
|
dēbeō
exerceō
maneō
placeō
sustineō
|
committō,
committere proelium
dēcidō
ēripiō
sūmō,
sūmere supplicium dē
trādūcō
vertō
|
dēsiliō |
277 522.
Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender
of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.
|
if not, unless
on account of
unharmed
public
commonwealth
leap down, dismount
lead across
remain
call together
friendship
footprint, trace
each
fear (noun)
hope
therefore
behind, after
so great
equal
in truth, indeed
that (yonder)
a certain
fall down
owe, ought
measure, mode
eye
name
wave, billow
thing, matter
exploits
republic
prosperity
|
adversity
former, old-time
all, every
any one (at all)
this (of mine)
heavy, serious
hateful, detested
true
burn
snatch from
letter
punishment
inflict
punishment on
suffer punishment
liberty
sun
sustain
take up, assume
hour
reign, realm
messenger
part, direction
body
harbor
faith, protection
of himself
also, too
sufficiently
|
burn
that (of yours)
before
you (plur.)
light
daybreak
winter
attack
line of battle
army
drill, train
join battle
house, home
midday
wonderful
brave
almost
the same
some, any
if any one
self, very
not even
easy
dense
point out, explain
difficult
first
arrange, station
please
year
|
peace
back
turn the back, retreat
night
hand, force
lake
day
commit, intrust
a few only
sharp, eager
we
turn
you (sing.)
I
signal
summer
cavalry
wound
horn, wing
country
second, favorable
short
voice
formerly, once
arrival
come under the
protection of
swift
nothing
|
523. Review Questions.
By what declensions are Latin adjectives declined? What can you say
about the stem of adjectives of the third declension? Into what classes
are these adjectives divided? How can you tell to which of the classes
an adjective belongs? Decline ācer, omnis, pār. What
are the nominative endings and genders of nouns of the fourth 278
or u-declension? What nouns are feminine by
exception? Decline adventus, lacus, cornū, domus. Give the
rules for the ordinary expression of the place to which, the place
from which, the place in which. What special rules apply to
names of towns, small islands, and rūs? What is the locative
case? What words have a locative case? What is the form of the locative
case? Translate Galba lives at home, Galba lives at Rome, Galba lives
at Pompeii. What is the rule for gender in the fifth or ē-declension?
Decline diēs, rēs. When is the long ē
shortened? What can you say about the plural of the fifth declension?
Decline tuba, servus, pīlum, ager, puer,
mīles, cōnsul, flūmen, caedēs,
animal. How is the time when expressed? Name the classes
of pronouns and define each class. Decline ego, tū, is. What
are the reflexives of the first and second persons? What is the
reflexive of the third person? Decline it. Translate I see myself, he
sees himself, he sees him. Decline ipse. How is ipse
used? Decline īdem. Decline hic, iste, ille.
Explain the use of these words. Name and translate the commoner
indefinite pronouns. Decline aliquis, quisquam, quīdam,
quisque.
524. Give the English
of the following words:
| Nouns |
| FIRST DECLENSION |
SECOND DECLENSION |
|
aquila
fossa
|
aedificium
captīvus
concilium
|
imperium
negōtium
|
spatium
vāllum
|
| THIRD DECLENSION |
|
agmen
celeritās
cīvitās
clāmor
cohors
difficultās
explōrātor
|
gēns
lātitūdō
longitūdō
magnitūdō
mēns
mercātor
mīlle
|
mors
mulier
multitūdō
mūnītiō
nēmō
obses
opīniō
|
regiō
rūmor
scelus
servitūs
timor
vallēs
|
| FOURTH DECLENSION |
FIFTH DECLENSION |
|
aditus
commeātus
|
passus |
rēs frūmentāria |
| 279 Adjectives |
| FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS |
|
aequus
bīnī
ducentī
duo
exterus
īnferus
|
maximus
medius
minimus
opportūnus
optimus
pessimus
|
plūrimus
posterus
prīmus
reliquus
secundus
|
singulī
superus
tardus
ternī
ūnus
|
| THIRD DECLENSION |
|
alacer, alacris, alacre
audāx, audāx
celer, celeris, celere
citerior, citerius
difficilis, difficile
dissimilis, dissimile
facilis, facile
gracilis, gracile
|
humilis, humile
ingēns, ingēns
interior, interius
lēnis, lēne
maior, maius
melior, melius
minor, minus
nōbilis, nōbile
|
peior, peius
——, plūs
prior, prius
recēns, recēns
similis, simile
trēs, tria
ulterior, ulterius
|
| Adverbs |
|
ācriter
audācter
bene
facile
ferē
fortiter
|
magis
magnopere
maximē
melius
minimē
multum
|
optimē
parum
paulō
plūrimum
prope
propius
|
proximē
quam
statim
tam
undique
|
| Conjunctions |
Prepositions |
|
atque, ac
aut
aut ... aut
et ... et
nam
|
quā dē causā
quam ob rem
simul atque or
simul ac
|
circum
contrā
inter
ob
trāns
|
| Verbs |
| CONJ. I |
CONJ. II |
|
cōnor
hortor
|
moror
vexō
|
obtineō
perterreō
|
valeō
vereor
|
| CONJ. III |
|
abdō
cadō
cognōscō
cōnsequor
contendō
cupiō
currō
|
dēdō
dēfendō
ēgredior
incendō
incolō
īnsequor
occīdō
|
patior
premō
proficīscor
prōgredior
quaerō
recipiō
relinquō
|
revertor
sequor
statuō
subsequor
suscipiō
trādō
trahō
|
| CONJ. III |
|
orior |
perveniō |
|
280 525.
Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender
of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:
|
on account of
nearly
keenly, sharply
thousand
two
opportune
remaining
above (adj.)
next
grain supply
pace
shout (noun)
from all sides
against
around
three
further
line of march
manor
region
fortification
eagle
almost
boldly
bravely
across
between, among
hither (adj.)
so
less
more
most
worst
difficulty
hostage
death
command, power
captive
or
and
arrive
attempt, try
length
|
width
scout
cohort
tribe, nation
business
by a little
somewhat
crime
difficult
equal
move forward,
advance
multitude
woman
desire (verb)
give over,
surrender
kill
overtake
hasten, strive
hide
one
first
second, favorable
two hundred
former
inner
middle
low
outward
three by three
provisions
speed
ditch
wherefore or
therefore
for this reason
fear (noun)
return
inquire
set out
move out, disembark
|
fear (verb)
worse
greater, larger
two by two
least (adv.)
opinion,
expectation
approach, entrance
trader
magnitude, size
council, assembly
space, room
either ... or
rise, arise
suffer, allow
press hard
fall
surrender
set fire to
defend
possess, hold
delay (verb)
nearest (adv.)
nearer (adv.)
better (adj.)
well known, noble
mild, gentle
swift
eager
low (adj.)
slender
one by one
no one
least (adv.)
little (adv.)
learn, know
drag
undertake
run
fix, decide
|
leave
abandon
be strong
receive, recover
terrify, frighten
dwell
state, citizenship
valley
slavery
greatly
best of all (adv.)
better (adv.)
well (adv.)
very much
much
unlike
like (adj.)
slow
very greatly,
exceedingly
building
mind (noun)
easily
easy
recent
huge, great
bold
immediately
as soon as
for
than
best (adj.)
greatest
follow close
encourage
annoy, ravage
hide
follow
pursue
both ... and
rampart
|
281 526.
Review Questions. What is meant by comparison? In what two ways
may adjectives be compared? Compare clārus, brevis, vēlōx,
and explain the formation of the comparative and the superlative. What
are the adverbs used in comparison? Compare brevis by adverbs.
Decline the comparative of vēlōx. How are adjectives in
-er compared? Compare ācer, pulcher, liber.
What are possible translations for the comparative and superlative? Name
the six adjectives that form the superlative in -limus. Translate
in two ways Nothing is brighter than the sun. Give the rule for
the ablative with comparatives. Compare bonus, magnus, malus, multus,
parvus, exterus, īnferus, posterus, superus. Decline plūs.
Compare citerior, interior, propior, ulterior. Translate That
route to Italy is much shorter. Give the rule for the expression of
measure of difference. Name five words that are especially common in
this construction. How are adverbs usually formed from adjectives of the
first and second declensions? from adjectives of the third declension?
Compare the adverbs cārē, līberē, fortiter,
audācter. What cases of adjectives are sometimes used as
adverbs? What are the adverbs from facilis? multus? prīmus?
plūrimus? bonus? magnus? parvus? Compare prope,
saepe, magnopere. How are numerals classified? Give the
first twenty cardinals. Decline ūnus, duo, trēs, mīlle.
How are the hundreds declined? What is meant by the partitive genitive?
Give the rule for the partitive genitive. What sort of words are
commonly used with this construction? What construction is used with quīdam
and cardinal numbers excepting mīlle? Give the first twenty
ordinals. How are they declined? How are the distributives declined?
Give the rule for the expression of duration of time and extent of
space. What is the difference between the ablative of time and the
accusative of time? What is a deponent verb? Give the synopsis of one.
What form always has a passive meaning? Conjugate amō, moneō,
regō, capiō, audiō, in the active
and passive.
527. Review the
vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons. See §§ 502,
503, 506, 507.
528. Review Questions.
Name the tenses of the subjunctive. What time is denoted by these
tenses? What are the mood signs of the present subjunctive? How may the
imperfect subjunctive be formed? How do the perfect subjunctive and the
future perfect indicative active differ in form? How is the pluperfect
subjunctive active formed? Inflect the subjunctive active and passive of
cūrō, dēleō, vincō, rapiō,
mūniō. Inflect the 282 subjunctive
tenses of sum; of possum. What are the tenses of the
participles in the active? What in the passive? Give the active and
passive participles of amō, moneō, regō,
capiō, audiō. Decline regēns. What
participles do deponent verbs have? What is the difference in meaning
between the perfect participle of a deponent verb and of one not
deponent? Give the participles of vereor. How should participles
usually be translated? Conjugate volō, nolō, mālō,
fīō.
What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in
their fundamental ideas? How is purpose usually expressed in English?
How is it expressed in Latin? By what words is a Latin purpose clause
introduced? When should quō be used? What is meant by
sequence of tenses? Name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the
subjunctive; the secondary tenses. What Latin verbs are regularly
followed by substantive clauses of purpose? What construction follows iubeō?
What construction follows verbs of fearing? How is consequence or
result expressed in Latin? How is a result clause introduced? What words
are often found in the principal clause foreshadowing the coming of a
result clause? How may negative purpose be distinguished from negative
result? What is meant by the subjunctive of characteristic or
description? How are such clauses introduced? Explain the ablative
absolute. Why is the ablative absolute of such frequent occurrence in
Latin? Explain the predicate accusative. After what verbs are two
accusatives commonly found? What do these accusatives become when the
verb is passive?
IMPERATOR MILITES HORTATUR
283
SPECIAL VOCABULARIES
The words in heavy type are used in Cæsar’s “Gallic War.”
LESSON IV, § 39
|
Nouns
dea, goddess (deity)
Diā´na, Diana
fera, a wild beast (fierce)
Lātō´na, Latona
sagit´ta, arrow
|
Verbs
est, he (she, it) is; sunt, they are
necat, he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill
Conjunction1
et, and
|
|
Pronouns
quis, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., who?
cuius (pronounced co͝oi´yo͝os, two
syllables), interrog. pronoun, gen. sing., whose?
|
LESSON V, § 47
|
Nouns
corō´na, wreath, garland, crown
fā´bula, story (fable)
pecū´nia, money (pecuniary)
pugna, battle (pugnacious)
victō´ria, victory
|
Verbs
dat, he (she, it) gives
nārrat, he (she, it) tells (narrate)
Conjunction1
quia or quod, because
|
|
Pronoun
cui (pronounced co͝oi, one syllable),
interrog. pronoun, dat. sing., to whom? for whom?
|
LESSON VI, § 56
|
Adjectives
bona, good
grāta, pleasing
magna, large, great
mala, bad, wicked
parva, small, little
pulchra, beautiful, pretty
sōla, alone
|
284
Nouns
ancil´la, maidservant
Iūlia, Julia
Adverbs1
cūr, why
nōn, not
Pronouns
mea, my; tua, thy, your
(possesives)
quid, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., what?
|
-ne, the question sign, an enclitic ( § 16)
added to the first word, which, in a question, is usually the
verb, as amat, he loves, but amat´ne? does
he love? est, he is; estne? is he?
Of course -ne is not used when the sentence contains quis,
cūr, or some other interrogative word.
|
LESSON VII, § 62
|
Nouns
casa, -ae, f., cottage
cēna, -ae, f., dinner
gallī´na, -ae, f., hen, chicken
īn´sula, ae, f., island (pen-insula)
Adverbs
de-in´de, then, in the next place
ubi, where
Preposition
ad, to, with acc. to express motion toward
|
Verbs
ha´bitat, he (she, it) lives, is living, does live
(inhabit)
laudat, he (she, it) praises, is praising, does
praise (laud)
parat, he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does
prepare
vocat, he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call;
invites, is inviting, does invite (vocation)
|
|
Pronoun
quem, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., whom?
|
LESSON VIII, § 69
|
Nouns
Italia, -ae, f., Italy
Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily
tuba, -ae, f., trumpet (tube)
via, -ae, f., way, road, street (viaduct)
|
Adjectives
alta, high, deep (altitude)
clāra, clear, bright; famous
lāta, wide (latitude)
longa, long (longitude)
nova, new (novelty)
|
285
LESSON IX, § 77
|
Nouns
|
|
bellum, -ī, n., war (re-bel)
cōnstantia, -ae, f., firmness, constancy,
steadiness
dominus, -ī, m., master, lord (dominate)
equus, -ī, m., horse (equine)
frūmentum, -ī, n., grain
lēgātus, -ī, m., lieutenant,
ambassador (legate)
Mārcus, -ī, m., Marcus, Mark
|
mūrus, -ī, m., wall (mural)
oppidānus, -ī, m., townsman
oppidum, -ī, n., town
pīlum, -ī, n., spear (pile driver)
servus, -ī, m., slave, servant
Sextus, -ī, m., Sextus
Verbs
cūrat, he (she, it) cares for, with acc.
properat, he (she, it) hastens
|
LESSON X, § 82
|
Nouns
|
|
amīcus, -ī, m., friend (amicable)
Germānia, -ae, f., Germany
patria, -ae, f., fatherland
|
populus, -ī, m., people
Rhēnus, -ī, m., the Rhine
vīcus, -ī, m., village
|
LESSON XI, § 86
|
Nouns
|
|
arma, armōrum, n., plur., arms, especially
defensive weapons
fāma, -ae, f., rumor; reputation, fame
|
galea, -ae, f., helmet
praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoils (predatory)
tēlum, -ī, n., weapon of offense, spear
|
|
Adjectives
|
|
dūrus, -a, -um, hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel;
severe, toilsome (durable)
|
Rōmānus, -a, -um, Roman. As a noun, Rōmānus,
-ī, m., a Roman
|
LESSON XII, § 90
|
Nouns
fīlius, fīlī, m., son (filial)
fluvius, fluvī, m., river (fluent)
gladius, gladī, m., sword (gladiator)
praesidium, praesi´dī, n., garrison, guard,
protection
proelium, proelī, n., battle
|
Adjectives
fīnitimus, -a, -um, bordering upon,
neighboring, near to. As a noun, fīnitimī, -ōrum,
m., plur., neighbors
Germānus, -a, -um, German. As a noun, Germānus,
-ī, m., a German
multus, -a, -um, much; plur., many
|
|
Adverb
saepe, often
|
286
LESSON XIII, § 95
|
Nouns
|
|
ager, agrī, m., field (acre)
cōpia, -ae, f., plenty, abundance
(copious); plur., troops, forces
Cornēlius, Cornē´lī, m., Cornelius
lōrī´ca, -ae, f., coat of mail, corselet
|
praemium, praemī, n., reward, prize
(premium)
puer, puerī, m., boy (puerile)
Rōma, -ae, f., Rome
scūtum, -ī, n., shield (escutcheon)
vir, virī, m., man, hero (virile)
|
|
Adjectives
|
|
legiōnārius, -a, -um,1
legionary, belonging to the legion. As a noun, legiōnāriī,
-ōrum, m., plur., legionary soldiers
līber, lībera, līberum, free
(liberty) As a noun. līberī, -ōrum, m.,
plur., children (lit. the freeborn)
|
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, pretty, beautiful
Preposition
apud, among, with acc.
Conjunction
sed, but
|
LESSON XIV, § 99
|
Nouns
|
|
auxilium, auxi´lī, n., help, aid
(auxiliary)
castrum, -ī, n., fort (castle); plur., camp
(lit. forts)
cibus, -ī, m., food
|
cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī, n., plan
(counsel)
dīligentia, -ae, f., diligence, industry
magister, magistrī, m., master, teacher1
|
|
Adjectives
|
|
aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick
crēber, crēbra, crēbrum, frequent
|
miser, misera, miserum, wretched, unfortunate
(miser)
|
LESSON XV, § 107
|
Nouns
carrus, -ī, m., cart, wagon
inopia, -ae, f., want, lack; the opposite of cōpia
studium, studī, n., zeal, eagerness (study)
Verb
mātūrat, he (she, it) hastens. Cf.
properat
|
287
Adjectives
armātus, -a, -um, armed
īnfīrmus, -a, -um, week, feeble
(infirm)
vali´dus, -a, -um, strong, sturdy
Adverb
iam, already, now
|
-que, conjunction, and; an enclitic (cf. § 16)
and always added to the second of two words to be
connected, as arma tēla´que, arms and weapons.
|
LESSON XVII, § 117
|
Nouns
|
|
agrī cultūra, -ae, f., agriculture
domicilīum, domīci´lī, n., dwelling
place (domicile) abode
fēmina, -ae, f., woman (female)
|
Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul
Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul
lacrima, -ae, f., tear
numerus, -ī, m., number (numeral)
|
|
Adjective
mātūrus, -a, -um, ripe, mature
Verbs
arat, he (she, it) plows (arable)
dēsīderat, he (she, it) misses, longs for
(desire), with acc.
|
Adverb
quō, whither
Conjunction
an, or, introducing the second half of a double
question, as Is he a Roman or a Gaul, Estne Romanus
an Gallus?
|
LESSON XVIII, § 124
|
Nouns
lūdus, -ī, m.,school
socius, socī, m., companion, ally (social)
|
Adjectives
īrātus, -a, -um, angry, furious
(irate)
laetus, -a, -um, happy, glad (social)
|
|
Adverbs
|
|
hodiē, to-day
ibi, there, in that place
mox, presently, soon, of the immediate future
|
nunc, now, the present moment
nūper, lately, recently, of the immediate
past
|
LESSON XX, § 136
|
Nouns
|
|
fōrma, -ae, f., form, beauty
poena, -ae, f., punishment, penalty
potentia, -ae, f., power (potent)
|
regīna, -ae, f., queen (regal)
superbia, -ae, f., pride, haughtiness
trīstītīa, -ae, f., sadness, sorrow
|
|
Adjectives
septem, indeclinable, seven
superbus, -a, -um, proud, haughty (superb)
|
Conjunctions
nōn sōlum ... sed etiam, not only ... but
also
|
288
LESSON XXI, § 140
|
Nouns
sacrum, -ī, n., sacrifice, offering, rite
verbum, -ī, n., word (verb)
Verbs
sedeō, -ēre, sit (sediment)
volō, -āre, fly (volatile)
|
Adjectives
interfectus, -a, -um, slain
molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, annoying
(molest)
perpetuus, -a, -um, perpetual, continuous
|
|
ego, personal pronoun, I (egotism). Always
emphatic in the nominative.
|
LESSON XXII, § 146
|
Nouns
|
|
disciplīna, -ae, f., training, culture,
discipline
ōrnāmentum, -ī, n., ornament, jewel
|
Gāius, Gāī, m., Caius, a Roman
first name
Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m., Tiberius, a Roman first
name
|
|
Verb
doceō, -ēre, teach (doctrine)
|
Adverb
maximē, most of all, especially
|
|
Adjective
antīquus, -qua, -quum, old, ancient
(antique)
|
LESSON XXVII, § 168
|
Nouns
āla, -ae, f., wing
deus, -ī, m., god (deity)1
monstrum, -ī, n., omen, prodigy; monster
ōrāculum, -ī, n., oracle
Verb
vāstō, -āre, lay waste, devastate
|
Adjectives
commōtus, -a, -um, moved, excited
maximus, -a, -um, greatest (maximum)
saevus, -a, -um, fierce, savage
Adverbs
ita, thus, in this way, as follows
tum, then, at that time
|
LESSON XXVIII, § 171
|
Verbs
respondeō, -ēre, respond, reply
servō, -āre, save, preserve
Adjective
cārus, -a, -um, dear (cherish)
|
Conjunction
autem, but, moreover, now. Usually
stands second, never first
Noun
vīta, -ae, f., life (vital)
|
289
LESSON XXIX, § 176
|
Verb
superō, -āre, conquer, overcome
(insuperable)
Nouns
cūra, -ae, f., care, trouble
locus, -ī, m., place, spot (location). Locus
is neuter in the plural and is declined loca, -ōrum,
etc.
perīculum, -ī, n., danger, peril
|
Adverbs
semper, always
tamen, yet, nevertheless
Prepositions
dē, with abl., down from; concerning
per, with acc., through
Conjunction
si, if
|
LESSON XXX, § 182
|
Verbs
| |
|
absum, abesse, irreg., be away, be absent, be
distant, with separative abl.
adpropinquō, -āre, draw near, approach
(propinquity), with dative1
contineō, -ēre, hold together, hem in,
keep (contain)
|
discēdō, -ere, depart, go away, leave,
with separative abl.
egeō, -ēre, lack, need, be without,
with separative abl.
interficiō, -ere, kill
prohibeō, -ēre, restrain, keep from
(prohibit)
vulnerō, -āre, wound (vulnerable)
|
|
Nouns
prōvincia, -ae, f., province
vīnum, -ī, n., wine
|
Adjective
dēfessus, -a, -um, weary, worn out
Adverb
longē, far, by far, far away
|
LESSON XXXI, § 188
|
Nouns
aurum, -ī, n., gold (oriole)
mora, -ae, f., delay
nāvigium, nāvi´gī, n., boat, ship
ventus, -ī, m., wind (ventilate)
Verb
nāvigō, -āre, sail (navigate)
|
Adjectives
attentus, -a, -um, attentive, careful
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful (dubious)
perfidus, -a, -um, faithless, treacherous (perfidy)
Adverb
anteā, before, previously
|
|
Preposition
sine, with abl., without
|
290
LESSON XXXII, § 193
|
Nouns
animus, -ī, m., mind, heart; spirit, feeling
(animate)
bracchium, bracchī, n., forearm, arm
porta, -ae, f., gate (portal)
|
Adjectives
adversus, -a, -um, opposite; adverse, contrary
plēnus, -a, -um, full (plenty)
|
|
Preposition
prō, with abl., before; in behalf of; instead
of
|
Adverb
diū, for a long time, long
|
LESSON XXXIV, § 200
|
Adverbs
|
|
celeriter, quickly (celerity)
dēnique, finally
|
graviter, heavily, severely (gravity)
subitō, suddenly
|
|
Verb
reportō, -āre, -āvī, bring back,
restore; win, gain (report)
|
LESSON XXXVI, § 211
|
dexter, dextra, dextrum, right (dextrous)
|
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left
frūstrā, adv., in vain (frustrate)
|
|
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus, bear, carry
on; wear; bellum gerere, to wage war
occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus,
seize, take possession of (occupy)
postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus,
demand (ex-postulate)
recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī,
recūsātus, refuse
stō, stāre, stetī, status, stand
temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus,
try, tempt, test; attempt
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, ——, keep,
hold (tenacious)
The word ubi, which we have used so much in the sense
of where in asking a question, has two other uses
equally important:
1. ubi = when, as a relative conjunction
denoting time; as,
Ubi mōnstrum audīvērunt, fūgērunt,
when they heard the monster, they fled
2. ubi = where, as a relative conjunction
denoting place; as,
Videō oppidum ubi Galba habitat, I see the town
where Galba lives
Ubi is called a relative conjunction because it
is equivalent to a relative pronoun. When in the first
sentence is equivalent to at the time at which;
and in the second, where is equivalent to the place in
which.
|
291
LESSON XXXVII, § 217
|
neque or nec, conj., neither, nor, and ...
not; neque ... neque, neither ... nor
|
castellum, -ī, n., redoubt, fort (castle)
cotīdiē, adv., daily
|
|
cessō, cessāre, cessāvī, cessātus, cease,
with the infin.
incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus, begin
(incipient), with the infin.
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus,
storm, assail
petō, petere, petivi or petiī, petītus,
aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask (petition)
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus, place,
put (position); castra pōnere, to pitch
camp
possum, posse, potuī, ——, be able, can
(potent), with the infin.
vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus, forbid
(veto), vith the infin.; opposite of iubeō, command
vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus, conquer
(in-vincible)
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, ——, live,
be alive (re-vive)
|
LESSON XXXIX, § 234
|
barbarus, -a, -um, strange, foreign, barbarous.
As a noun, barbarī, -ōrum, m., plur., savages,
barbarians
dux, ducis, m., leader (duke). Cf. the verb dūcō
eques, equitis, m., horseman, cavalryman
(equestrian)
iūdex, iūdicis, m., judge
lapis, lapidis, m., stone (lapidary)
mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier (militia)
|
pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier (pedestrian)
pēs, pedis,1 m., foot
(pedal)
prīnceps, prīncipis, m., chief
(principal)
rēx, rēgis, m., king (regal)
summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit)
virtūs, virtūtis, f., manliness, courage
(virtue)
|
LESSON XL, § 237
|
Caesar, -aris, m., Cæsar
captīvus, -ī, m., captive, prisoner
cōnsul, -is, m., consul
frāter, frātris, m., brother
(fraternity)
homō, hominis, m., man, human being
impedīmentum, -ī, n., hindrance
(impediment); plur. impedīmenta, -ōrum, baggage
|
292
imperātor, imperātōris, m., commander
in chief, general (emperor)
legiō, legiōnis, f., legion
māter, mātris, f., mother (maternal)
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m., row, rank
(order)
pater, patris, m., father (paternal)
salūs, salūtis, f., safety (salutary)
soror, sorōris, f., sister (sorority)
|
LESSON XLI, § 239
|
calamitās, calamitātis, f., loss,
disaster, defeat (calamity)
caput, capitis, n., head (capital)
flūmen, flūminis, n., river (flume)
labor, labōris, m., labor, toil
opus, operis, n., work, task
|
ōrātor, ōrātōris, m., orator
rīpa, -ae, f., bank (of a stream)
tempus, temporis, n., time (temporal)
terror, terrōris, m., terror, fear
victor, victōris, m., victor
|
|
accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus, receive,
accept
cōnfirmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī,
cōnfīrmātus, strengthen, establish,
encourage (confirm)
|
LESSON XLIII, § 245
|
animal, animālis (-ium1),
n., animal
avis, avis (-ium), f., bird (aviation)
caedēs, caedīs (-ium), f., slaughter
calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., spur
cīvis, cīvis (-ium), m. and f., citizen
(civic)
cliēns, clientis (-ium), m., retainer,
dependent (client)
fīnis, fīnis (-ium), m., end, limit
(final); plur., country, territory
hostis, hostis (-ium), m. and f., enemy in war
(hostile). Distinguish from inimīcus, which means
a personal enemy
|
ignis, ignis (-ium), m., fire (ignite)
īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium), n. decoration,
badge (ensign)
mare, maris (-ium2), n., sea
(marine)
nāvis, nāvis (-ium), f., ship (naval);
nāvis longa, man-of-war
turris, turris (-ium), f., tower (turret)
urbs, urbis (-ium), f., city (suburb). An urbs
is larger than an oppidum.
|
LESSON XLIV, § 249
|
arbor, arboris, f., tree (arbor)
collis, collis (-ium), m., hill
dēns, dentis (-ium), m., tooth (dentist)
fōns, fontis (-ium), m.. fountain, spring; source
iter, itineris, n., march, journey, route
(itinerary)
mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium), m., month
moenia, -ium, n., plur., walls, fortifications.
Cf. mūrus
|
mōns, montis (-ium), m., mountain;
summus mōns, top of the mountain
numquam, adv., never
pōns, pontis, m., bridge (pontoon)
293
sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood (sanguinary)
summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit)
trāns, prep, with acc., across
(transatlantic)
vīs (vīs), gen. plur. virium, f. strength,
force, violence (vim)
|
LESSON XLV, § 258
|
ācer, ācris, ācre, sharp, keen, eager
(acrid)
brevis, breve, short, brief
difficilis, difficile, difficult
facilis, facile, facile, easy
fortis, forte, brave (fortitude)
gravis, grave, heavy, severe, serious (grave)
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omnis, omne, every, all (omnibus)
pār, gen. paris, equal (par)
paucī, -ae, -a, few, only a few (paucity)
secundus, -a, -um, second; favorable, opposite
of adversus
signum, -ī, n., signal, sign, standard
vēlōx, gen. vēlōcis, swift
(velocity)
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conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus,
arrange, station, place (collocation)
dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī,
dēmōnstrātus, point out, explain
(demonstrate)
mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus,
commit, intrust (mandate)
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LESSON XLVI, § 261
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adventus, -ūs, m., approach, arrival
(advent)
ante, prep, with acc., before (ante-date)
cornū, -ūs, n., horn, wing of an army
(cornucopia);
ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing;
ā sinistrō cornū, on the left wing
equitātus, -ūs, m., cavalry
exercitus, -ūs, m., army
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impetus, -ūs, m., attack (impetus); impetum
facere in, with acc., to make an attack on
lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., lake
manus, -ūs, f., hand; band, force (manual)
portus, -ūs, m., harbor (port)
post, prep, with acc., behind, after
(post-mortem)
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cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus,
burn (cremate)
exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus, practice,
drill, train (exercise)
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LESSON XLVII, § 270
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Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., Athens
Corinthus, -ī, f., Corinth
domus, -ūs, locative domī, f., house,
home (dome). Cf. domicilium
Genāva, -ae, f., Geneva
Pompēii, -ōrum, m., plur., Pompeii, a city in
Campania. See map
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294
propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because of
rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. rūra,
n., country (rustic)
tergum, tergī, n., back; ā tergō,
behind, in the rear
vulnus, vulneris, n., wound (vulnerable)
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committō, committere, commīsī, commissus,
intrust, commit; proelium committere, join
battle
convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus,
call together, summon (convoke)
timeō, timēre, timuī, ——, fear;
be afraid (timid)
vertō, vertere, vertī, versus, turn,
change (convert); terga vertere, to turn the
backs, hence to retreat
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LESSON XLVIII, § 276
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aciēs, -ēī, f., line of battle
aestās, aestātis, f., summer
annus, -ī, m., year (annual)
diēs, diēī, m., day (diary)
fidēs, fideī, no plur., f., faith, trust;
promise, word; protection; in fidem venīre, to
come under the protection
fluctus, -ūs, m. wave, billow (fluctuate)
hiems, hiemis, f., winter
hōra, -ae, f., hour
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lūx, lūcis, f., light (lucid); prīma
lux, daybreak
merīdiēs, acc. -em, abl. -ē,
no plur., m., midday (meridian)
nox, noctis (-ium), f., night (nocturnal)
prīmus, -a, -um, first (prime)
rēs, reī, f., thing, matter (real);
rēs gestae, deeds, exploits (lit. things
performed); rēs adversae, adversity; rēs
secundae, prosperity
spēs, speī, f., hope
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LESSON XLIX, § 283
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amīcitia, -ae, f., friendship (amicable)
itaque, conj., and so, therefore, accordingly
littera, -ae, f., a letter of the alphabet;
plur., a letter, an epistle
metus, metūs, m., fear
nihil, indeclinable, n., nothing (nihilist)
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nūntius, nūntī, m., messenger.
Cf. nūntiō
pāx, pācis, f., peace (pacify)
rēgnum, -ī, n., reign, sovereignty,
kingdom
supplicum, suppli´cī, n., punishment;
supplicum sūmere dē, with abl., inflict
punishment on;
supplicum dare, suffer punishment. Cf. poena
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placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus, be
pleasing to, please, with dative. Cf. § 154
sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus,
take up, assume
sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus,
sustain
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295
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corpus, corporis, n., body (corporal)
dēnsus, -a, -um, dense
īdem, e´adem, idem, demonstrative pronoun, the
same (identity)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pronoun, self; even,
very
mīrus, -a, -um, wonderful, marvelous
(miracle)
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ōlim, adv., formerly, once upon a time
pars, partis (-ium), f., part, region, direction
quoque, adv., also. Stands after the word
which it emphasizes
sōl, sōlis, m., sun (solar)
vērus, -a, -um, true, real (verity)
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dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus,
owe, ought (debt)
ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus,
snatch from
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LESSON LI, § 294
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hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative pronoun, this (of
mine); he, she, it
ille, illa, illud, demonstrative pronoun that
(yonder); he, she, it
invīsus, -a, -um, hateful, detested, with
dative Cf. § 143
iste, ista, istud, demonstrative pronoun, that
(of yours); he, she, it
lībertās, -ātis, f., liberty
modus, -ī, m., measure; manner, way, mode
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nōmen, nōminis, n., name (nominate)
oculus, -ī, m., eye (oculist)
prīstinus, -a, -um, former, old-time
(pristine)
pūblicus, -a, -um, public, belonging to the
state; rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae,
f., the commonwealth, the state, the republic
vestīgium, vestī´gī, n., footprint,
track; trace, vestige
vōx, vōcis, f., voice
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LESSON LII, § 298
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incolumis, -e, unharmed
nē ... quidem, adv., not even. The emphatic
word stands between nē and quidem
nisi, conj., unless, if ... not
paene, adv., almost (pen-insula)
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satis, adv., enough, sufficiently (satisfaction)
tantus, -a, -um, so great
vērō, adv., truly, indeed, in fact. As
a conj. but, however, usually stands second, never
first.
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dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī,
——, fall down (deciduous)
dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus,
leap down, dismount
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus,
remain
trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī,
trāductus, lead across
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296
LESSON LIII, § 306
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aquila, -ae, f., eagle (aquiline)
audāx, gen. audācis, adj., bold,
audacious
celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick (celerity).
Cf. vēlōx
explōratōr, -ōris, m., scout, spy
(explorer)
ingēns, gen. ingentis, adj., huge, vast
medius, -a, -um, middle, middle part of (medium)
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mēns, mentis (-ium), f., mind (mental). Cf.
animus
opportūnus, -a, -um, opportune
quam, adv., than. With the superlative quam
gives the force of as possible, as quam audācissimī
virī, men as bold as possible
recens, gen. recentis, adj., recent
tam, adv., so. Always with an adjective or
adverb, while ita is generally used with a verb
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quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus,
ask, inquire, seek (question). Cf. petō
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LESSON LIV, § 310
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alacer, alacris, alacre, eager, spirited, excited
(alacrity)
celeritās, -ātis, f., speed (celerity)
clāmor, clāmōris, m., shout, clamor
lēnis, lēne, mild, gentle (lenient)
mulier, muli´eris, f., woman
multitūdō, multitūdinis, f., multitude
nēmŏ, dat. nēminī, acc. nēminem
(gen. nūllīus, abl. nūllō,
from nūllus), no plur., m. and f., no one
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nōbilis, nōbile, well known, noble
noctū, adv. (an old abl.), by night
(nocturnal)
statim, adv., immediately, at once
subitō, adv., suddenly
tardus, -a, -um, slow (tardy)
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cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus, desire,
wish (cupidity)
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LESSON LV, § 314
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aedificium, aedifi´cī, n., building, dwelling
(edifice)
imperium, impe´rī, n., command, chief power;
empire
mors, mortis (-ium), f., death (mortal)
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reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, rest of. As a
noun, m. and n. plur., the rest (relic)
scelus, sceleris, n., crime
servitūs, -ūtis, f., slavery
(servitude)
vallēs, vallis (-ium), f., valley
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abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide
contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus, strain,
struggle; hasten (contend)
occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus,
cut down, kill. Cf. necō, interficiō
perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī,
perterritus, terrify, frighten
recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus, receive,
recover; sē recipere, betake one’s self,
withdraw, retreat
trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus,
give over, surrender, deliver (traitor)
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