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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

 
The scientific method is a process which scientists use to create accurate representations of the world around us.  The scientific method helps scientists to eliminate error that might result from cultural beliefs and other prejudices.

We will discuss four steps of the scientific method: Observations, Hypotheses, Experimental Design and the Experiment.  Different people explain the scientific method differently - some explanations include far more than four steps, while others include less steps or different steps.  

1.  Observations:  The scientist observes something that causes him or her to become interested and ask a question about the phenomenon. 

The process of observation has several steps: 
- Become interested in a topic.
- Make an inference (an assumption based on prior knowledge).  For example, if bread is moldy you may infer that it is old.  
- Ask a question.  (for example, why are carrots orange?)
- Gather information about your question by researching the topic. 

2.  Hypotheses:  A hypothesis is an educated guess that attempts to answer the question you asked during Step 1.  A hypothesis is formed before you begin to design your experiment.

For example:  If you asked the question "why are carrots orange?" your hypotheses may be "carrots are orange because they contain a special pigment."  

3.  Experimental Design:  The process of creating an experiment.  Procedures must be developed, and the researcher must decide on the independent and dependent variables.  This process usually requires research on the topic, gathering of equipment and training of researchers.  Once the experiment is designed, predictions must be made.  

A prediction is derived from the hypothesis and specifically addresses experimental outcome.  For example, if you are given an unknown substance you may ask the question "what is it?" (observation), and form the hypothesis "it is vinegar."  Then, based on your knowledge that vinegar and baking soda create a chemical reaction when combined, you may create the prediction that "when the unknown substance is combined with baking soda, it will fizzle because a chemical reaction is occurring." 

4.  Experiment:  Experiments test the hypotheses and predictions.  Data collected from the experiment is analyzed, and conclusions are drawn from it.  Was the hypothesis proved or disproved? 

 
Glossary of Terms:
Observation:  Something that is observed with the five senses of site, taste, smell, touch and hearing. 
Inference:  An assumption based on prior knowledge. 
Independent Variable:  The variable you are testing for.  You control this variable. 
Dependent Variable:  The variable that is affected by changes made to the independent variable. 

 

 

 

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